Inaudible Discussion
Adventures of a UX developer     by Greg Gant
  • Dec 16, 2021

    The M1 Pro and Max Window Server Memory Leak Fix

    So I've run into a stupid problem with the M1 Max under macOS Monterey: The WindowServer eats up a lot of RAM, much more so it should. I've seen other people with WindowServers eating 10s of GBs of RAM, which is unacceptable. The fix?


    Above is the video, but you prefer written instructions if you're like me. Especially when its simple, so here it is:

    1. Open up system preferences
    2. Click Displays and then disable promotion (set your display to 60 Hz)
    3. Reboot! Leave ProMotion disabled, lest you want to feel the wrath of the WindowServer.

    Okay, so it's not a "fix" so much as a workaround until Apple patches it.

  • Nov 20, 2021

    M1 Max review


    The M1 Pro and Max is here and I have many things to say about it. I tried to condense it down into a succinct review but realized it wouldn't be that interesting. Instead, I decided to bring my Mac Pro 2019 into it.

    This is by far the most work I've dumped ever into a video project, featuring my trademarked stilted on screen presence and overly long winded narration over cheap motion graphics.

    Huge thanks for ALBATROSS for letting me use his music for speaker the test. He's a bilingual hip hop artist who raps in English and Russian≥

    ALBATROSS - Serdtze♥️ - LIVE Acoustic

    ALBATROSS - Serdtze (Birchpunk music video) - One of the craziest music videos I've seen in the best way possible, complete with a plot, huge VFX in set in a dystopian Russian cyberpunk future with art collective, Birchpunk.

    Benchmark sources (in order of appearance)

    wccftech: Intel Alder Lake Mobility CPU Benchmarks Leaked: Faster Than The Apple M1 Max, Smokes AMD 5980HX, 11980HK

    pugetsystems: Apple M1 MacBook vs PC Desktop Workstation for Adobe Creative Cloud

    phoronix: Apple macOS 10.15 vs. Windows 10 vs. Ubuntu 19.10 Performance Benchmarks

    anandtech: Apple's M1 Pro, M1 Max SoCs Investigated: New Performance and Efficiency Heights

    barefeats: Max MacBook Pro versus 2019 Mac Pro

    barefeats: M1 Max MacBook Pro versus 2019 Mac Pro - Part 2

    barefeats: M1 Max MacBook Pro versus 2019 Mac Pro's Newest GPUs

    wccftech: AMD & NVIDIA GPU Silicon Performance, Efficiency & Cost Progress From The Last 10 Years Visualized

    techgage: Adobe Premiere Pro May 2020 AMD vs NVIDIA GPU Encoding Performance

    Recommended links (in order of appearance)

    LTT: DDR5 is finally here

    Marques BrownLee: Reviewing EVERY iPhone Ever!

    Barefeats.com

    Will APPLE make a DISCRETE GPU for the Apple Silicon Mac Pro?

    Sources (in order of appearance)

    extremetech: The 2016 MacBook Pro Keyboard May Fail Twice As Often As Older Models

    zdnet: A journalist's wrecked MacBook keyboard tells a terrible story

    extremetech: Dust Is Still Breaking Apple’s Improved MacBook Pro Keyboards

    9to5mac: The latest MacBook Pro has a different keyboard, so is it safe to buy an Apple laptop now?

    appleinsider: Apple confirms new MacBook Pro models have only slower UHS-II SD card slots

    techradar: What is CFexpress? The new camera memory card format explained

    appleinsider: Apple's T2 chip makes a giant difference in video encoding for most users

    ymcinema: The new MacBook Pro is More Powerful for 8K Video Editing Than the Mac Pro

    engadget: ARM unveils Cortex-A7 processor, 'big.LITTLE' computing

    pcmag: Intel's Alder Lake Combines 'Performance' and 'Efficiency' CPU Cores on One Chip

    techspot: Intel Alder Lake-P sample beats Apple's M1 Pro and M1 Max in leaked benchmarks

    wccftech: M1 Max With 32-Core GPU Is Slower Than 100W Laptop RTX 3080, Barely Beats Low-Wattage RTX 3060 in Gaming Benchmarks

    macrumors: Five Games Worth Firing Up to Show Off Your New MacBook Pro

    tomshardware: Market Researchers Make Predictions: DDR5, GDDR6, GDDR6X, LPDDR5, LPDDR5X Examined

    tomshardware: AMD's Zen 5 CPUs, APUs Will Likely Tap TSMC's 3nm Process Node

    pcmag: Intel 'Alder Lake' CPUs to Support PCIe 5.0, DDR5 RAM

    anandtech: Samsung Announces First LPDDR5X at 8.5Gbps

    tomshardware: LPDDR5X Memory Extends Speeds to 8533 MT/s

    ymcinema: What’s the Ideal Laptop for Video Editors: RTX Studio or Apple M1 Max?

    dpreview: Apple M1 Max First Impressions: A MacBook Pro that's actually 'Pro'

    techradar: The Apple M1 Max means you don't need a gaming laptop for video editing anymore

    phonearena: Mini-LED iPad Pro display issues explained: What's "blooming" and is there a fix

    LTT: Does High Frame Rate matter

    bloomberg: Apple’s Product Design Has Improved Since Jony Ive Left

    ifixit: We Have the Right to Repair Everything We Own

    macrumors: Mac Pro Rumor roundup

    bloomberg: Apple Preps Next Mac Chips With Aim to Outclass Top-End PCs

  • Nov 13, 2021

    A healthy distrust of the Metaverse

    I feel like it's almost trite to point out how wacky and the wrong Meta is. I'm almost positive that I'm hardly the first person to question why any would want to create the Metaverse based on Neil Stephenson's breakout novel, Snowcrash. For those who haven't read it, it's a tongue-in-cheek parody of the cyberpunk genre with everything ratcheted up to 11, but also wildly imaginative, donning us with the common lexical use of "Avatar." It's a technocratic dystopian universe where society is so fractured that nation-states exist by neighborhood enclaves, generally aligned with various corporations and/or political ideologies or ethnicities. The world's resources are out of reach for all but the extremely rich thus, everyday citizens exist in an alternate escape reality, called the Metaverse.

    If that sounds unappealing and a bit on the nose, it's because it is. I don't know if I can lob any extra insight other than I'm confident that Facebook will wedge NFTs into the Metaverse in an upcoming press release./p>

    Now, what is interesting is an interview by Wired Magazine, ‘AR Is Where the Real Metaverse Is Going to Happen’ with Niantic CEO John Hanke (the company that brought the world Pokemon Go). The most interesting thing is the tonality of Wired Magazine, which with a healthy distrust of this technology. While I don't read Wired regularly, I have read Wired articles over the past 20 years. This feels like the new default position instead of a contrarian, skeptical, neo-Luddite, or paranoid position. I'm not sure when this shift happened at Wired, but I certainly felt my faith in progress via the internet in the mid-2000s wane pretty sharply. That was earlier than most people I know but hardly the first. Now, as we're fully into the current decade, it feels like skepticism is the default position as it feels irresponsible not to be.

    </section>

  • Oct 14, 2021

    Speed Up iCloud Photo Uploads from iPhone


    The first time I used this method was back in 2015 when I originally wrote this article, after getting an iPhone 6 128 GB with iCloud's basic data plan. It was taking days to upload photos and it was annoying. I decided to test a theory, not letting my iPhone sleep. In roughly 3 hours, my phone uploaded 4,000 photos; a massively increase over  the previous three days landing somewhere between 5000-6000 photos.

    image

    Picture: Uploading photos back in 2016 on an iPhone 6

    The second time I used this method was in 2020, when I switched to a 2 TB plan, moved my RAW photos into iCloud, and merged a separate library. I left my Mac syncing while my iPhone 12 did the same.

    I recently upgraded iCloud to the 50 GB / $0.99 a month plan, almost exclusively to test out the Photo stream feature. I take a lot of photos. Currently, my photo library spans thirteen years, and is heavy even for a 128 GB iPhone 6. For years, I’ve photos a few times a month to Lightroom, usually in tandem with my camera, but I rarely remove photos from my phone.

    However, with 10k photos the sync was slow. After the three days, only about half the photos were uploaded, despite being connected to wifi roughly 18 hours a day, and on a charger for roughly 16 hours a day during the span.

    I started toying with methods to speed up uploads. Here's the process I figured out:

    The Zero-Sleep Method

    1. Plug in your iPhone and connect to Wifi
    2. Open settings
    3. Go to display and brightness
    4. Select Auto lock and set it "Never"
    5. Return to settings and tap your profile
    6. Tap iCloud
    7. Make sure iCloud Photos is enabled and leave it on this screen....
    8. .... and wait, this will take along time, depending on library size and your internet speed. This will not "speed up" uploading, rather keep it continously uploading.

    A few users reported leaving it on the Photos screen worked as they could see the progress bar there. Also, if you're looking to keep things moving and have unlimited data or a huge data plan, you can enable unlimited updates.

    1. Go to settings and scroll down and tap Photos
    2. Tap Cellular Data
    3. Warning, this will use a lot of cellular data! Toggle on Cellur Data and unlimited updates
  • Oct 13, 2021

    Apple vs. Nvidia. : What happened?

    If you've been using macOS for a while, you might remember a time when Apple had both GPU options from ATI (purchased later by AMD) and Nvidia. In fact, the Macintosh was the first platform to sport the GeForce 3 in 2001. Nvidia even made a special chipset that was found in the 2008 MacBooks that helped deliver better GPU performance and skipped the Intel integrated chipsets. </p

    Then suddenly, Apple stopped using NVidia chipsets. The last Macs featuring an Nvidia GPU was in 2015.

    The video version differs slightly as it includes more personal ancedotes and asides.


    Appleinsider isn't my favorite source for Apple news as it's too evangelical, generally portraying Apple as the protagonist in its reporting. Still, I have to give them credit as they've followed the Apple/Nvidia saga better than any other publication. It's Apple's management doesn't want Nvidia support in macOS, and that's a bad sign for the Mac Pro is a great first stop, but it's a bit dated and self-referential. I've tried to piece together the narrative as told by many news reports over the years, much of it I read as it was happening. It's a particular topic that interests me as it dates back to when I bought my first Nvidia GPU in 2001, a VisionTek GeForce 3, and used DOS with nvflash.exe to load the Mac Firmware onto the GPU. It was a crazy leap of faith as I read some guy who claimed to have done it on XLR8yourmac.com (once a powerhouse of a website for power users) and then reported back the steps I used to flash the card to the community. Over the years wrote a few popular guides on using Nvidia GPUs on the Mac and wrote a lot about Mac GPUs as part of my monstrous The Definitive Classic Mac Pro (2006-2012) Upgrade Guide. I don't have any particular insider info, but what I do have is the power of hind-sight.

    The history of Nvidia and Apple

    The first Mac to ship with an Nvidia chipset was the Nvidia GeForce 2 MX, with the G4 Digital Audio in 2001, and Apple would also at the same time ship the PowerMacs with an option GeForce 3 GPU.

    In 2004, 30-Inch Apple's Cinema Display release was delayed by Nvidia's GeForce 8600 Ultra yields, not producing the cards in a timely enough fashion for Apple's liking. Still, Apple continued to offer plenty of Nvidia options. As important as Apple was during this time frame, it wasn't the goliath it is today.

    The year 2008 is when the relationship with NVidia changed during a flurry of events. Apple pulled into a legal battle that was primarily between Nvidia and Intel. To understand this, we have to jump back to 2004.

    In 2004, Intel and NVIDIA joined forces for a patent licensing agreement for Intel CPUs with integrated memory controllers, the MCP79 and the MCP89. Then in 2008, Nvidia produced Nehalem-based chipsets that bypassed the Intel Northbridge (Memory controller) and South Bridge (I/0 controller) chipset. Apple was the first PC maker to adopt Nvidia's new chipset. The advantage was that Apple was going to be able to simplify its GPU strategy. It'd allowed Apple to stop using the underwhelming Intel integrated GPUs and unify them to mirror the desktops. At the time, Intel's integrated GPUs were pretty bad and could not support OpenCL, thus limiting the amount of offloading to the GPU that Apple could reliably bank with the OS.

    Intel was much more central to Apple as a business partner, and Intel enjoyed Apple in its company roster. Nvidia pulling a fast one on Intel put Apple in the center of its own controversial strategy.

    Predictably, Intel then filed suit against Nvidia, throwing Apple's plans into disarray. Neither company was endeared to Apple, as the squabble had many industry people speculating that Apple may look into AMD processors, even though AMD had very few competitive offerings in the laptop space. Nvidia tried to court Apple into its legal saga but ultimately failed, leaving Nvidia feeling spurned. Apple continued to use Nvidia GPUs, but sadly, its lower-end offerings were constrained to Intel's supremely mediocre integrated GPUs. This wasn't the only issue Apple was having with its relationship with Nvidia.

    Meanwhile, in 2008 Nvidia was hit with a securities lawsuit around knowingly shipping faulty GPUs and trying to mitigate the problem through firmware, burning $196 million for replacements. HP at the time said it had 24 models of laptops affected, and Dell had 15. Apple had 2, the MacBook Pro using the GeForce 8600M GT.

    GPUs were failing at a steady clip (not just for Apple), and Apple had to extend its warranties for consumers in 2009 (ending in 2012) and issued a software update in 2009 trying to mitigate the GPU issues. The problem came down to the soldering that held the a chip it's printed circuit board cracked under thermal stress. This still landed Apple in a class action lawsuit. Nvidia saw Apple as a smaller player and refused to extend support costs beyond an unknown amount of money (it only handed out $10,000,000 to Dell after it threatend to pull from Nvidia), putting another twist in the Apple relationship. This was the dividing moment by most accounts.

    By this point, multiple publications reported a frosty air between Nvidia and Apple, although the high-end MacBook Pros would continue to use Nvidia GPUs.

    Tried to use an AMD chipset in the MacBook Pros in 2011 and ended up in yet another class action lawsuit over faulty GPUs. Apple would switch back to Nvidia in 2012 MacBook Pros.

    2013 marked a substantial shift away from Nvidia. Apple went with long-time Nvidia rival AMD for its partnership to produce custom variations of the Radeon FirePros for the 2013 Mac Pros. The iMac 2014s moved to AMD with the introduction of the 5k iMac.

    If there was any hope of Nvidia and Apple reconciling, 2014 was the end of it. Nvidia went litigious against Samsung and Qualcomm over mobile graphics patents, filing a lawsuit over mobile GPUs. They went as far as to try and block shipments of Samsung Galaxy S / Note /Tab lines, with speculation that Nvidia wanted the iOS and Android business. At this time, Apple was still relying on components from Qualcomm and Samsung for its mobile units.

    Things seemed quiet. Nvidia had ported CUDA to macOS and created Web Drivers even while Nvidia still was producing GPUs for Apple as their relationship fizzled.

    Apple had embraced OpenCL, the popular framework used for GPU accelerated computing tasks. Nvidia had created its own closed alternative, CUDA, and using its marketing power to court various software publishers to use it over OpenCL. NVidia's CUDA did not work on AMD hardware, thus giving Nvidia a competitive advantage if a software maker chose to use CUDA. Adobe embraced CUDA even on macOS and thus earned CUDA a favored position among creative professionals, especially those using the Adobe Suite. Adobe went as far as to build CUDA specific applications for Nvidia GPUs. In the background, Apple was poaching industry talent for it's own GPU ambitions.

    Nvidia continued a quiet strategy for macOS by bringing support for its later GPUs on macOS and updating CUDA. This meant classic Mac Pro owners, eGPU users, and Hackintosh users could enjoy the latest Nvidia hardware under macOS, which continued uninterrupted for nearly seven years. Many Mac professionals invested in Nvidia hardware as AMD's offerings generally paled against Nvidia at the higher end, and CUDA offered a lot more performance in Adobe video applications like Premiere Pro and After Effects. Nvidia didn't overtly flaunt its web drivers, and it came as a surprise to many Mac users to learn that they could buy Nvidia GPUs and use them in their Mac Pros. As a personal anecdote, I wrote two popular guides on using a GeForce 700s series and GeForce 1000 series GPU in a Mac Pro.

    With the release of macOS 10.14 Mojave, everything changed. Outside of the people on Infinite Loop, no one knew for sure that Apple's grand ambition was to merge macOS and iOS hardware. Most users at the time feared the iOSfication of Apple's software instead of hardware.

    For years, Microsoft had a huge leg up in the graphics department by owning its own graphics API in the form of DirectX. OpenGL, Apple's preferred graphics API, had floundered in the late 2000s, whereas DirectX, for all its faults, leaped ahead of OpenGL in graphics capabilities and support.

    Rather than wait for the next open-source library, Vulkan, to formalize, Apple developed its own graphics API, Metal, for use with iOS. Microsoft most certainly inspired Metal. Bringing Metal to macOS was all-but given and was ported to macOS in 2019, set to replace both OpenGL and OpenCL and skip Vulkan support.

    macOS 10.14 Mojave required metal-compatible GPUs. At some point, during the macOS Mojave beta, Apple pulled Nvidia's ability to sign its code, which ended Nvidia's support for macOS in one spiteful, anti-competitive move. In order for GPUs to be Metal compatible, they needed drivers, and Nvidia wasn't able to release drivers.

    Nvidia publicly announced that it had working metal drivers on its forum, but Apple had revoked its developer license leaving the blame squarely at Apple's feet. Nvidia even called out apple on his support page but has now since modified it.

    My personal take is that it boiled down to CUDA, Metal, and the M1. CUDA represented a significant problem for Metal adoption. In order to get professional applications on board with Metal, they had to cut out CUDA, and my guess is that NVIDIA was not willing to give up CUDA in its driver. Yet again, this was the impasse between Apple's management and Nvidia.

    In order for Apple to launch Apple Silicon very smoothly, they needed everyone to support Apple's current technologies, and CUDA was a roadblock to that success.

    Apple also knew the aftermarket install base for NVidia GPUs was quite small and limited to classic Mac Pro users and adventurous people who had eGPUs and the Hackintosh community. The group of people this affected was a group Apple the past decade has seemed vaguely resentful of: users who like modular computing. Axing Nvidia was another blow against modularity and another win for Apple's tight-fisted control of when products are obsolete.

    The goalposts have now changed. The question isn't whether Nvidia and Apple will get along. It is now whether Apple will allow external GPUs or dedicated GPUs. At the time of writing this, this MacRumors on its buyer's guide page lists that it thinks that apple will release GPUs that outstrip AMD and Nvidia's current offerings.

    Usually, MacRumors is pretty on point. Still, I'm just hyper skeptical the year-over-year gains in the GPU market have been not just consistent but going up also. Nvidia and AMD are two of TSMC's biggest clients. They, too, will have access to the same manufacturing processes as Apple. They've been doing it much longer, and they're very good at it.

    I have a very unusual take on this whole thing, and that is that in the future, we're going to see macs that absolutely rock at laptop performances and low wattage.

    Also, we'll probably see iMacs in a year or two that can edit 8k natively but also can't ray trace and are pretty crap when it comes to things like TensorFlow.

    To quote myself after I received my first Apple Silicon mac in December of 2020: "for the portable class of computing, Apple silicon looks like it'll be unmatched, and expensive brute force versus efficiency will be the story of x86 versus Apple Silicon versus ARM, and I expect there will always be a clear winner. Welcome to the next decade of computing."

  • Oct 1, 2021

    Uninstall Iriun Webcam

    Iriun Web Camera on the Mac is a bit of a pain to uninstall. Utilities like AppCleaner will not completely uninstall all the Iriun as it doesn't know about the services that run in the background, which will continue to run the background of your computer regardless if it's uninstalled or not.

    Fire up Activity monitor, and search for iriun, and force quit any tasks it has operating (there should be at least two).

    Next, you'll need to delete the following (this will be from the library located at the root of your boot volume, not in your /Users/ ):

    • /Library/CoreMediaIO/Plug-Ins/DAL/IriunCamera.plugin
    • /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/HAL/IriunMic.driver
    • /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.iriun.cmio.DPA.camera.plist
    • /Library/CoreMediaIO/Plug-Ins/DAL/IriunCamera.plugin

    These will likely require your admin password to delete. That's it. Enjoy your Iriun free life as it'll stop popping up as an input option.

  • Oct 1, 2021

    The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro 6.1 (Late 2013) Upgrade Guide

    Mac Pro 2013 is Oscar's home

    Contents


    Introduction

    To mark the first anniversary of my wildly successful blog post (garnering tens of thousands of views), The Definitive Classic Mac Pro (2006-2012) Upgrade Guide, I'm proud to announce a sequel. The Definitive Trash Can Mac Pro 2013 upgrade guide started in jest on social media as the guide no one wanted, seeing as the Mac Pro 2013. The 2013 Mac Pro is a tale of hubris for Apple, as it over-promised and under-delivered and is considerably less upgradeable than its predecessor. Is there a need or demand for such a guide? I don't know, but here we are, and while the origins are jocular, the rest of this guide is serious. While most users (and Apple engineers) probably prefer the moniker "cylinder," the trash can title stuck due to its obvious physical characteristics.

    The Mac Pro 2013 has the dubious honor as the longest-produced Macintosh, besting the Macintosh Plus produced from 1986 to 1990 without an upgrade. The 2013 Mac Pro was conceived as the original Mac Pro's successor, eschewing the modularity for a (debatably) stylish and radical redesign. After a few positive reactions by publications for its foreign looks, it quickly became snubbed for its lack of upgradability and stability, and Apple's complete and absolute antipathy (verging on enmity) towards it.

    The Mac Pro 2013 has been prone to an abnormal rate of failures due to heat, with a nameless Apple exec quoted as saying, "think we designed ourselves into a bit of a thermal corner if you will". Apple also took steps to extend its repair program, but problems persist. Despite the naysayers, the Mac Pro 2013 isn't without its fans (no pun intended), as at the time of its unveiling, it was a powerful, quirky computer with a diminutive form factor. Despite its limited upgradability, the computer is a modular design, and nearly every significant part can be replaced. Only the 2019 Mac Pro since it has allowed for the range of user serviceability (although the iMac 5k is a close second). It's the bridge to a bygone era where CPUs and, storage, and even GPUs were removable. Perhaps the 2019 Mac Pro a return to PCIe, but more than likely, 2013 will be the template.. Edit: The Mac Pro 2019 marks an expensive return to PCIe.



    Know your Mac Pro Models

    The Mac Pro line debuted in 2006 and has had eight major iterations by Apple's nomenclature: 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7,1, and now 8.x. These are also generally referred to by the year 2006 (1.1, 2,1), less commonly 2007 (2,1), 2008 (3,1), 2009 (4,1), 2010-2012 (5,1), and 2013 (6,1). The other terms for these computers are "Cheesegrater" (2006-2012), "Trash can" (late 2013), and "Cylinder." For this guide's purpose, I will refer to the Mac Pro as a "trash can" as the 2013 (as does much of the internet). Please note This guide only covers the 2013 Mac Pro.

    Please note This guide only covers the 2013 Mac Pro. For all other models, I've written a massive guide, The Definitive Classic Mac Pro (2006-2012) Upgrade Guide.

    Configurations

    Apple has only shipped a grand total of 3 base configurations with a fourth build-to-order option for the 12-core CPU. Apple has only made one minor change in the past six years to the Mac Pro 2013 by removing the original base configuration and lowering the remaining models' prices.

    • Apple Mac Pro "Quad Core" 3.7 GHz, 12 GB of RAM, 256 GB SSD, and dual FirePro D300 2 GB of GDDR5 (4 GB total). Discontinued April 4, 2017,*
    • Apple Mac Pro "Six Core" 3.5 GHz, 12 GB of RAM (16 GB after April 4), 256 GB SSD, and dual FirePro D500 2 GB of GDDR5 (4 GB total). Discontinued April 4, 2017,*
    • Apple Mac Pro "Eight Core" 3.0 GHz, 12 GB of RAM (16 GB after April 4), 2256 GB SSD, and dual FirePro D500 3 GB of GDDR5 (6 GB total).
    • Apple Mac Pro "Twelve Core"* 2.7 GHz, 12 GB of RAM (16 GB after April 4), 256 GB SSD, and dual FirePro D500 6 GB of GDDR5 (12 GB total). This is a build-to-order option only.


    CPU Upgrades

    Apple has never acknowledged the upgradeability of the Mac Pro CPU, but the Mac Pro 2013's CPU is not soldered, thus making it upgradeable. Only four CPU configurations were offered by Apple, E5-1620v2, E5-1650v2, E5-1680v2, and the E5-2697v2, but users soon discovered that the E5 v2 family was compatible. Unlike the previous Mac Pros, the Mac Pro 2013 was only offered in a single CPU configuration.

    From personal observation, the E5-2697 can be found cheaper on eBay and local used markets (in the US) vs. the E5-2695 is considerably cheaper on aliexpress. This varies based on your local markets, as the European markets tend to be much more expensive than North America.

    Credit to the CPU list goes to Mac Rumors forum member ActionableMango.

    Architecture Cores CPU-Model GHz Turbo RAM Watt
    Ivy-Bridge 12 core E5-2697 V2 2.7 3.5 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 12 core E5-2696 V2 2.5 3.3 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 12 core E5-2695 V2 2.4 3.2 1866 115W
    Ivy-Bridge 10 core E5-2690 V2 3.0 3.6 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 10 core E5-2680 V2 2.8 3.6 1866 115W
    Ivy-Bridge 8 core E5-2687W V2 3.4 4.0 1866 150W
    Ivy-Bridge 8 core E5-2667 V2 3.3 4.0 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 8 core E5-2673 V2 3.3 4.0 1866 110W
    Ivy-Bridge 8 core E5-1680 V2 3.0 3.9 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 6 core E5-1660 V2 3.7 4.0 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 6 core E5-1650 V2 3.5 3.9 1866 130W
    Ivy-Bridge 4 core E5-1620 V2 3.7 3.9 1866 130W

    Useful Links



    GPU Upgrades

    Yes, the Mac Pro's GPUs can be swapped out, but only three different GPUs were ever produced for it, the AMD FirePro D300 2 GB, D500 3 GB, or D700 6 GB. Apple has kept tight control on these (any official repairs require the GPUs to be returned to Apple), and thus few-to-none exist on the aftermarket, and the two higher GPUs are prone to failures thanks to a wattage ceiling. For most intents and purposes, it is cheaper to buy a Mac Pro 2013 than to track down two GPUs. Apple discontinued the entry-level Mac Pro 2013 that sported the D300. All-new Mac Pros sold after April 4th, 2017, have either a D500 or D700.

    For other GPU options, see the eGPU section.

    Useful Links



    OS Upgrades

    The Mac Pro 2013 was supported on macOS 12 Monterey. It does not support Sidecar. Currently, OpenCore is a work in progress, fairly stable to get the Mac Pro 2013s up and running macOS 13 Ventura. For the latest information see, OpenCore Legacy Patcher and MacRumors: macOS 13 Ventura on Unsupported Macs Thread

    The Mac Pro 2013s do not support AVX2 CPU instructions, which may create some incompatibilities with certain software.



    Firmware upgrades

    The Mac Pro 2013 has had a few firmware upgrades. Unlike previous Mac Pros, where a firmware upgrade allowed for faster CPUs/RAM, AFPS, and NVMe booting for certain models, the Mac Pro 2013 has been meager. The MP61.0120.B00 boot ROM included support for NVMe booting (found in the High Sierra update). Most recently, the boot ROM version 128.0.0.0.0 was included in the 10.14.4 Developer Preview. With some firmware upgrades, some users found 4k displays no longer supporting 60 Hz, which requires an SMC reset and removing the offending PLists. See the useful links below. Previously, the updates were distributed separately from the OS, but they were distributed in 10.13+. they have been distributed with OS.

    • 10.14.2: 127.0.0.0.0
    • 10.14.4: 130.0.0.0.0 - removes requirement for Apple SSDs to perform firmware upgrade
    • 10.14.6: 131.0.0.0.0
    • 10.15.3: 134.0.0.0.0
    • 10.15.4: 135.0.0.0.0
    • 10.15.5: 136.0.0.0.0
    • 10.15.6: 137.0.0.0.0
    • 10.11.1: 426.0.0.0.0
    • 12.4 430.120.6.0.0 - Sleep wake panic fixed

    Notable, Some users cannot update the bootrom without the Apple SSD. It's recommended to hang onto the original SSD with a copy of MacOS to perform Firmware updates.

    To check your firmware version, go to About This Mac -> System Report. It will be listed on the first screen under Boot Rom.

    Useful Links



    Storage Upgrades

    There's a large number of external storage upgrades for the Mac Pro 2013, from USB 2.0/3.0 to ThunderBolt 2.0, and listing them all would be an exercise in futility. What's important to understand is that there are many multi-drive enclosures, spanning everything from RAID to multiple SSDs. External SSDs perform well in Thunderbolt 2, able to achieve roughly 1.2 GB/s depending on the storage solution in various tests.

    Internally, The Mac Pro does feature one SSD slot, using a custom Apple SSD running at PCIe 2.0 x4, capable of a maximum of 2 GB/s. Very few native third-party solutions exist, but they are out there by makers like OWC and Transintl.

    That said... users have figured out how to shoe-horn NVMe drives into the Mac Pro, offering top-tier performance and much better prices. Unfortunately, no one has taken the time to compile a list, so the known so far are: Samsung 960, Samsung 970 Pro, Toshiba XG3, and Crucial P1. Samsung released a firmware fix for certain models as well, including the 970 Pro,

    The Mac Pro 2013 uses the same interface as the 2013-2015 MacBooks. There's a cottage economy of NVMe adapters now floating around. The first adapters that users tackled, such as the GFF M.2 PCIe SSD Card, required a bit of filing and tape to successfully mount the card, which users on MacRumors were able to pull off. NVMe with ST-NGFF2013-C; Vega Internal GPU; Mac Pro 2013 (6,1). Later adapters like the Sintech NGFF m.2 NVMe SSD adapter do not require modification. The quick summary is you'll need a Mac Pro running 10.13+, an adapter, and an NVMe SSD with a Sintech adapter. If you, for some reason, choose the GFF adapter, you'll need tape, a file, and some free time.

    Currently, the only vector for multiple M.2 NVMe drives internally is the Amfeltec Angelshark Carrier Board. This keeps the original port intact and thus allows for three internal NVMe drives.

    Working SSD list

    This list is from MacRumors by the user maxthackray, so all credit goes to him. Generally, it can be assumed that NVMe drives will work long as they do not use 4k sectors by default.

    • Adata NVMe SSD : SX6000, SX7000, SX8200, SX8200 Pro etc.
    • Corsair NVMe SSD : MP500, MP510
    • Crucial NVMe SSD : P1
    • HP NVMe SSD : ex920, ex950
    • OCZ RD400 (and all Toshiba XG3-XG4-XG5-XG5p-XG6 line)
    • Intel NVMe SSD : 600p, 660p, 760p etc.
    • MyDigital NVMe SSDs : SBX - BPX
    • Kingston NVMe SSD : A1000, A2000, KC1000
    • Sabrent Rocket
    • Samsungs Polaris NVMe SSD : 960 Evo, 960 Pro, 970 Evo, 970 Pro
    • WD Black NVMe SSD v1, v2 and v3

    Drives in red require NVMe drives with 4K sector sizes which require changing.

    Incompatible NVMes

    • Samsung PM981
    • Samsung 950 Pro
    • Samsung 970 Evo Plus*

    *Firmware update fixes this particular SSD. It should be regarded as working unless buying used.

    Useful Links



    RAM/Memory upgrades

    Officially most sites list the maximum ram for the 2013 as 128. The Mac Pro 2013 uses PC3-15000 DDR3 ECC (1866 MHz) RAM, 4 RAM slots. The Maximum DIMM size is 32 GB. Maxing out the RAM can be a somewhat pricey endeavor, but sites like aliexpress and eBay.

    Upgrading to 128, however, lowers the bus speed so most users elect to use 64 GB.



    ThunderBolt 2 to PCIe

    There's a fair amount of options today on the market, like the Sonnet Technologies Echo Express SE1 - 1 PCIe Slot (roughly $200), and it scales up rather quickly.

    The biggest modifications to the Mac Pro 2013 aren't internal but rather massive PCIe enclosures that generally cost in the $1500-4000 range, making them often as expensive as the computer itself. There are a few options on the market, like the Sonnet xMac Pro Server, which adds three full-length PCIe slots (you can see it on youtube), and the absolutely absurd JMR Quad Slot Expander adding 4 PCIe slots and 8 drive bay just to name a few. For the truly curious, you can see the JMR expansion system innards.

    Not all PCIe enclosures support eGPUs. I've included in the eGPU section is a list of enclosures that support GPUs.

    Additional Notes on Thunderbolt 2

    There's a wide variety of Thunderbolt 2 products, chiefly storage systems (including RAID setups), and ThunderBolt 2 docks still on the market. Due to the sheer amount, I'm unable to list them all, but it's important to remember that a fair amount of functionality missing from the 2013 Mac pro can be recaptured with Thunderbolt 2 like previously mentioned, PCIe slots, eGPUs, and the like.

    The Mac Pro 2013 to date includes six Thunderbolt ports, the most found on any Mac before or since. To obtain peak performance, it's recommended that displays be connected separately from other high bandwidth utilities like external storage.

    The Mac Pro 2013 can drive three 4k displays or six 2560 x 1600 displays, and with the June 16, 2015 firmware update, three 5k displays (using two ThunderBolt ports and the HDMI port) internally.



    Thunderbolt 3 / USB 3.1c

    The Mac Pro 2013 can't be upgraded to Thunderbolt 3 bus speeds, but that doesn't mean it can't use Thunderbolt 3 / USB 3.1c devices (at the speed of Thunderbolt 2). Apple has a Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) to Thunderbolt 2 Adapter, which is bi-directional, meaning the same adapter can also be used for Thunderbolt 3 Macs to use Thunderbolt 2 devices. Notably, not all Thunderbolt 3 devices are backward compatible, so you may want to check with the manufacturer for compatibility.



    eGPUs

    It's nearly impossible to talk about the Mac Pro 2013 without mentioning eGPUs. Mac OS now supports AMD eGPUs (almost) natively and macOS 10.14.x does not allow for modern nVidia support, making it nearly a one-way path for eGPU. NVidia support for later eGPUs is limited to a maximum of Mac OS 10.13.x, and that does not appear to be changing due to a disagreement between Apple and NVidia. Unless this changes, this guide will not list Mojave incompatible NVidia eGPUs despite the later GPUs being supported in Mac OS 10.12.x and 10.13.x. Currently, the RX (580x, 570x) line and the Vega (Vega, 48, 56, FE ) line by AMD are Mojave compatible, and the Keppler line by NVidia is Mojave compatible. The eGPU.io community has a searchable database. If going for an eGPU, I highly recommend upgrading to Mac OS 10.13+ as it includes more native support, thus much easier to set up, to the point of being (nearly) plug and play.

    Note: All Thunderbolt 2 Macs require disabling SIP and running Purge Wrangler to enable eGPU support.

    Lastly, Catalina requires some changes with eGPUs, and I highly recommend epgu.io - State of EGPU for Macs - Catalina 10.15, the short answer is PurgeWrangler continues to be the most common vector for support.

    AMD GPUs

    Note: Minimum OS list required may not be correct. Please contact me if incorrect

    AMD GPU Min OS Support Supports Metal
    R7 260X 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 270 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 280X 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 290X 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 380 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 380x 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 390 Requires hack Yes
    R9 Fury 10.12 - Curr Yes
    R9 Fury X 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 450 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 455 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 460 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 470 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 480 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 555 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 555x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 560 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 560x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 570 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 570x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 580 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 580x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 2100 10.12- Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 3100 10.12- Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 4100 10.12- Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 4130 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 4150 10.12 - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 4170 10.13? - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 5100 10.13? - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 7100 10.13? - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 8100 10.13? - Curr Yes
    Radeon Pro WX 9100 10.13? - Curr Yes
    Vega 56 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Vega 64 10.12.6 - Curr Yes
    Vega Frontier Edition 10.13 - Curr Yes
    Radeon VII 10.14.5 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 5500 XT 10.15.2 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 5600 XT 10.15.3 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 5700 10.15.2 - Curr Yes
    Radeon 5700 XT 10.15.2 - Curr Yes


    macOS 10.14 Mojave Supported NVidia eGPUs - Only Keppler series GPUs are supported

    • GTX 650
    • GTX 660
    • GTX 670
    • GTX 680
    • GTX Titan

    *eGPUs require Mac OS 10.12 or above.

    Confirmed working Enclosures with Mac Pro 2013: Note there may be more.

    • Akitio Thunder2
    • AKiTiO Node
    • Asus XG Station 2
    • Blackmagic eGPU
    • Mantiz Venus
    • Razer Core X
    • Sonnet Breakaway 350

    Useful Links



    Cooling

    Outside of the extreme JMR solutions PCIe slot Rackmount cases, Mac Pro 2013 cooling solutions remain pretty slim. Pro Cooling Base by SPEED Designs is the only other solution I'm aware of designed specifically for the Mac Pro. Most users elect to use various laptop cooling pads to place under Mac Pros (which do seem to help). If anyone has any information about physical mods or Mac Pro 2013 specialty cases, I'm all ears, and please reach out to me (see the bottom of this post).

    Useful Links



    Repairs

    The Mac Pro 2013 earns the distinction of sporting a modular design. There's not a lot to say here since iFixit gave it an 8 out of 10 for repairability and has pretty much every part in its Mac Pro Late 2013 Repair Guide. If you can do it, they probably have a beautiful step-by-step pictorial guide.



    Mac Pro 2013 won't sleep

    MacRumors members note that Hand-off can affect a 2013's ability to sleep. Disabling seems to be the fix.



    Communities & Blogs

    You're not alone. There are more people out there than you'd think who still love the Mac Pro 2013.

    • MacRumors Mac Pro Forum - The center of the Mac Pro universe.
    • MacProUpgrade - a private but very popular Facebook group, primarily classic "Cheesegrater" Mac Pro users with some 2013 users.
    • Mac Pro Users - another major FaceBook group for Mac Pro users, smaller but still helpful, and it has the benefit of being public too (no sign-up process and can be browsed without a Facebook account).
    • eGPU.io - The go-to place for eGPUs.


    Collected Articles



    Buying used Mac Pro 2013s

    Most forums when this question is posed is don't. The chief reasons are: price and stability. The updated Mac Mini may have a soldered on CPU and storage, but with the Core i7-8700B is much faster than the 12 Core Mac Pro in single-core performance and spitting distance of the multicore in Geekbench scores, and packs Thunderbolt 3, which is double the bandwidth for the inevitable eGPU, and comes with USB 3.1c support out of the box, and doesn't have a history of frying itself. Plus, it's new, comes with a warranty, and is even smaller. Then there's the iMac 5k, which has an upgradeable CPU making for faster than the base iMac Pro when tricked out too. I personally would not buy a Mac Pro 2013 with much better and cheaper alternatives. The 2009-2012 Mac Pros, which pack oodles more upgrades and stupidly better GPU options, or the aforementioned Mac Mini, even with an eGPU, would be roughly the same cost of a lower-end used 2013. Unless the used market prices drastically change, the Mac Pro 2013's shortcomings are too significant to make me ever consider one.

    Always make sure the computer is able to output video before buying. Next to, the lower the AMD GPU model, the more chance it will remain problem-free. Unfortunately, Apple stopped selling the D300 Mac Pros long ago, so it may be better to track down a D500 model. Next up, many users have placed their Mac Pro 2013s on laptop coolers to help with the thermals. Due to the exceptionally tiny case, there are no internal cooling hacks beyond turning the fan up using 3rd party software. Lastly, have an exit strategy, you may live a full problem-free existence with a 2013 Mac Pro, but you may also end up with its GPUs failing. Apple has closed its free replacement program for GPUs as of April 2018, and internet prices list anywhere from $700-$1200 from Apple or authorized service centers to replace the GPUs. At this price, it is effectively cheaper to buy a replacement Mac Mini. Working GPUs in the 3rd party sector are virtually impossible to find, and the rare ones that pop up fetch the price of Apple replacements. To be fair, this is the same problem laptop users face. While it is common sense, if you contract or freelance or work where you provide your own hardware, always have a plan that minimizes downtime. Despite being a modular design, the most failure-prone component is the absolute hardest to replace due to the lack of any inventory. Also, Apple quotes 3-5 days for a Mac Pro 2013 GPU replacement. This isn't to say it will fail, but there are plenty of horror stories on the internet. This could be the case in a relatively small, vocal group, but the general consensus is that the Mac Pro 2013 is not the most stable design.



    Changelog

    Oscar over the Mac Pro 2013

    Due to the ever-evolving list of possible upgrades and hacks, this guide is a living document. Thus the information contained may change. I've included a robust log of recent changes to help repeat visitors discover new content. Making and maintaining this guide takes a fair amount of work, and feedback from users is greatly appreciated to make this the most accurate/best guide possible. If you have new information not included here, suggestions, corrections, or edits, please feel free to contact me. I get a fair amount of questions. I try to answer them as best I can. I'd recommend asking the MacRumors forum or MacProUpgrade group first, as I'm just one person vs. the collective intelligence of a community. Notably, I do not own nor have I ever owned a Mac Pro 2013 (not that I wouldn't take one, but it is cost-prohibitive), so anyone who can provide more accurate information, please do!

    07/03/24 - Error correction on VRAM, some minor copy edits

    01/31/23 - OpenCore

    12/27/22 - Typo corrections, more ventura info

    10/11/22 - Typo correction 3.7 GHz. Added info about Ventura. Firmware update added.

    01/22/21 - Added list of the firmware updates that have been released with notes about firmware. Added cooling base station info, slightly edited intro, and copy editing to remove typos.

    05/12/20 - Massive GPU list updated. SSD updated. Catalina notes on eGPU updated. Minor visual update.

    10/15/19 - Added note on Catalina and 32-bit + firmware versions. Badly needed copy editing.

    10/07/19 - It's catalina time. Added OS Section, fixed an error about max RAM, included RAM specs, and included the link to the Amfeltec NVMe M2 adapter. Added another two links to eGPU section.

    07/05/19 - Added notes on sleep issues, mild intro update.

    05/07/19 - a second update, Thanks to the feedback of Brennan F and Daniel C for feedback on SSDs and eGPUs and some copy editing to boot.

    05/07/19 - First release and one year anniversary of my first Definitive Mac Pro Upgrade Guide. Fun fact, this guide is over 2300+ words, whereas my other guide is 13,000+ words. Part of the amount of writing can be chalked up to having to discuss different models, five in total, spanning 6 years. This guide covers another 6-year span and only one model. It goes to show how upgradeable the previous Mac Pros were and how much less Apple has cared about them since.

    </section>
  • Oct 1, 2021

    The Definitive Classic Mac Pro (2006-2012) Upgrade Guide

    Mac Pro Face


    Supporters Thank you

    After years of maintaining this guide for free, I now am accepting patreon supporters. There's content for non-members as well so be sure to check it out.

    I'd like to thank Quin's Tech Corner as my first supporter, if you're into retro Macs, especially the PowerPC era Macs, check out his content on YouTube.



    Contents



    The largest/most complete guide to all possible classic Mac Pro upgrades covering OS, Firmware, GPU, CPU, Storage, USB, and Network upgrades.

    Upgrading a classic Mac Pro isn't hard. The information is out there, but knowing what is possible, what questions to ask, and where to find it isn't nearly as easy. This is less a how-to guide/manual than it is a roadmap to primary sources by other brilliant people, written to be accessible to both new and advanced users. It has been continuously updated for over four years and will continue to be updated as long as there is a community to make new discoveries. I hope you find this guide useful.

    The Cheese Grater's last stand

    This guide's intro has changed multiple times over the years as the landscape has radically altered for the Mac, and after seven years, my perspective has changed. The Mac Pro 2006 - 2012 represents a high watermark for Apple, an era unburdened by the preoccupation of iOS and the trappings of planned obsolescence or its self-indulgence of $1000 monitor stands or $10,000 smartwatches. Apple still offered a practical, user-serviceable that was as beautiful on the inside as the outside. The dedication to these computers is as much of a testament to their success as much as it was to Apple's misteps and inability to offer an affordable heir. Apple Silicon's future is bright but under the shadow of right-to-repair.

    Now, with the era of the Intel Mac coming to a close, there's a slightly poetic quality that the classic Mac Pro, the pinnacle of modular computing, will be there to see its end. Apple Silicon is very impressive, and Apple's offerings in the portable space, be it iPhones, iPads, or even laptops, are unmatched. I'm not sure if I'd extend the same courtesy to their desktops.

    If you'd like to read the old intro, click the show old intro below.

    Like many, I had quite a few thoughts about the Mac Pro 2019. If you want my personal take, you can read it here.

    Show old intro

    A hearty thanks to all the communities and websites where Mac power users still exist: MacRumors, Netkas, XL8yourmac, TonyMacx86, EveryMac, Ars Technica, Reddit, and to The Mac Pro Upgrade group on FB (users Martin L, Jay V, Gianluca M, Jean-Paul R. John C, Brennan F, Peter K, Antonio A, Adam S and many others) and Mac Pro Users on FB, (Eric Z.) for providing feedback, the guys who do a lot of heavy lifting in the community like Martin (h9826790), tsialex, Jay Fac and many users who've taken the time to email me to correct any errors. Even MacVidCards chimed in to correct this guide. I've learned as much as anyone writing and refining this guide.




    YouTube Channel

    This guide is now expanding into video. The goal is to create videos related to Mac upgrades, specifically the Mac Pro, Youtube.com: Mac Pro Upgrade Guide. Videos will be added to this guide as they are created to the relevant, but there'll be content exclusive to the channel, too, so please do subscribe.

    Think of the guide as a companion to this guide, as the latest info will be here and this guide will remain the focus as, quite frankly writing is easier than video.


    Special Announcements

    The Radeon 6000 series is now flashable to work with the classic Mac Pros.

    header

    Here we go again, The Definitive Mac Pro 2019 7,1 Upgrade Guide beta is now public, 100% ad-free and open to the world.



    Community Tip Jars

    There's been a lot of tireless work put in by the community at large, all the resources are freely available. A few members have tip jars as a way of saying thank-you.

    • Syncretic aka Piquant Innovation - Creator of Latebloom/SurPlus enabling Mac Pros to boot beyond macOS 11.2. Direct link to tip jar.
    • House of Moth - (blog featured frequently in this guide), featuring the Pixlas mod tutorial and video tutorial. He also has a Patreon located on his blog.
    • MartinLO - Maintainer of the most popular preconfiguration of OpenCore for the Mac Pros and tireless advocate for the Mac Pros.
    • If you want to thank me, check me out on YouTube or visit my patreon.

    Getting Started

    Running a classic Mac Pro today means using workarounds. This guide is long and sometimes a bit hectic as there's quite a bit of onboarding jumping into the world of classic Mac Pros, as they are aging hardware and thus not always straightforward. Here's a short list of considerations before taking the plunge

    • Mac Pros require workarounds to run the latest OSes. The 1,1/2,1 cannot run the latest OSes.
    • Apple switched from OpenGL/OpenCL to Metal as its graphics API. This switch meant dropping support for many old GPUs. Thus, generally, you will need to replace the GPU to run macOS Mojave or above.
    • Most modern GPUs will not support the pre-boot screen, meaning you will not see a picture until the OS has loaded the full graphics drivers.
    • Apple's feud with NVidia means that no modern NVidia GPUs are supported in macOS. It's effectively AMD-only GPUs.
    • A few high-end GPUs draw more power than the Mac Pro PCIe power leads, thus requiring modifying the power supply pin-outs.
    • GPU drivers are tied to the OS release, meaning if you want to use a newer GPU like the 5700 XT, it will only work in 10.15 or later.
    • OpenCore allows the Mac Pros to run the latest OSes with minimal workarounds and enables the boot screen by loading the correct pre-boot drivers. OpenCore pairs with various tweaks like SurPlus to enable support for macOS 11.3 and above.
    • Depending on the wifi chipset, you may upgrade your Mac Pro for wifi support in the latest operating systems.
    • The Mac Pros can run Windows 10 but require different installs depending if you are using OpenCore or not. The Mac Pro 1,1 can run Windows 10.
    • The 4,1s/5,1s have native NVMe support but require a firmware update in order to do so. Due to PCIe bus limitations, getting full NVMe speeds requires expensive M.2 hosts with special chipsets.

    Going through the process of updating and maintaining a Mac Pro is a crash course in both macOS/OS X's underpinnings and modular computing. For users looking for a painless experience, I recommend buying a used iMac 27-inch 2014 and above as they are fast, can be found for relatively cheap, and run the latest OSes without upgrades or workarounds. For those who are interested in the path of becoming a power user or already are, the Mac Pro is a great place to start.

    Mini-Glossary of Terms / About this guide

    Jumping into the world of Mac OS can be daunting as there's a lot of assumed tribal knowledge and history. I try to avoid unnecessary shorthand, but there are a few unavoidable terms. I like to write for as many people as possible and to remain accessible. For sanity's sake, there is a base assumption for understanding but hopefully a low-enough bar that novice users can follow along and learn. We all start somewhere, and no one should ever feel bad for asking questions. Examples of assumed knowledge would be the fundamental difference between an SSD and Hard Drive or what CPU cores are. . Many other sources can educate users on these topics and do a better job than I would. Even then, I try to explain core concepts or provide links when necessary to help educate a user. This means this guide is long but informative. The initial inclination will be to skip sections. However, some key information may often be discussed in intros and other sections. I've tried to mitigate this, but in the GPU and storage sections, there's a lot of information to digest. If you feel that something is unclear or never adequately explained, please reach out to me and let me know, as my readers are a global audience from all walks of life and have a wide variety of skill sets. I've often been humbled by people who are much more knowledgeable than me, and I appreciate anyone who points out errors or novices who feel something is confusing. Please see the Changelog for more details on how to reach out to me. We all start somewhere, and I frequently question my own aptitude when I see how much heavy lifting others have done to make this guide a reality. For my more technical users, I depend on you for accuracy. This is truly a community effort.

    Lastly, one regrettable note for my international readers: I list prices in USD, dates Month/Day/Year, and measurements in imperial as I live on the mainland of the United States and thus also incur some of the bias of an American English speaker. Prices differ vastly in foreign markets, and unfortunately, generally, the US is remarkably cheaper for Apple products and some hardware upgrades. Any buying advice will reflect the bias that is implicit to someone living in the US. As far as measurements, I apologize for our measurement system based on ambiguous associations with tangible objects like a child would use. I fully admit the metric system is superior. Temperatures in this guide are expressed in Celsius as computer thermals sensor default to Celsius.

    APFS - Short for Apple File System, a proprietary file system used on Mac OS and iOS. File systems define how data is stored and retrieved in an operating system. Like all software, file systems has limitations, and APFS was used to fix many of the shortcomings of HFS+. The transition to APFS was (relatively) smooth, but Apple chose not to support certain older hardware when it moved to APFS.

    Bits vs. Bytes - You probably know this one by heart: There are 8-bits to every byte. For this guide to avoid confusion, I use bytes instead of bits when discussing all things bandwidth-related, even though networking favors bits and local storage favors bytes. It's easy to mistake bits for bytes as it hinges on capitalization. 10 gigabits-per-sec is written in shorthand as 10 Gbps. 10 Gigabytes-per-second is written as 10 GBps or 10 GB/s. Converting bits to bytes means dividing by eight. 10 Gbps = 1.25 GB/s (or 1.25 GBps). Operating systems express download speeds in bytes per second, which confuses consumers as internet connections are not. For example, A 100 Mbps network connection has a maximum bandwidth of 12.5 MB/s.

    cMP - shorthand for classic Mac Pro. It is used to refer to any Mac Pro released between 2006-2012. The phrase "Classic Mac Pro" only refers to these models and not the similar-looking PowerMac G5 or the 2013 Mac Pro.

    Cheesegrater - Slang for the classic Mac Pros. I did not invent this term. This term arose to describe the billet metal on the front/back of the Mac Pros that resembles a "cheesegrater," although functionally, it'd be more appropriate to use it as a pasta press.

    EFI - Short for Extensible Firmware Interface, a specification designed by Intel to replace BIOS as the method to interface between an operating system and the platform firmware. This former isn't essential to understand beyond that it is a computer's firmware. Apple adopted EFI on Intel Macs, which is the interface that allows selecting a boot drive before OS X begins booting (by holding down the option), among other pre-OS loading functionality. I use the term EFI slightly loosely as I'll refer to the boot screen as the EFI, even though it isn't all that EFI provides for the Mac. It is also important to understand that the UEFI (Universal Extensible Firmware Interface), now the industry standard for PCs, isn't the same as Apple's EFI on computers from 2013 before. They are similar, but Apple's implementation varies partly due to age (predating UEFI by a few years) and partly due to the closed nature of Mac OS. Apple has since begun adopting (at least portions of it) UEFI, so the implications for the 2019 Mac Pro and GPUs are better. In order for a GPU to display a pre-boot screen, Universal Graphics Adapter Protocol (UGA) support on the GPU for the Mac Pro 1,1/5,1s. The more modern UEFI replaced UGA with Graphics Output Protocol (GOP), which is not used on the classic Mac Pros. Most aftermarket cards only support GOP and not UGA. This means without using OpenCore. Aftermarket GPU upgrades will not output video before the drivers are loaded. The lack of UEFI also has implications for other OSes like Windows, where MBR (Master Boot Record) needs to be used instead of UEFI if you are not using OpenCore.

    32-Bit EFI - When used in this guide, bits are pretty much limited to discussion of a CPU architecture or color depth. 64-bit CPUs can execute binaries that use 64-bit virtual memory spaces. A 32-bit CPU was limited to 4 GB of memory space, whereas a 64-bit CPU can address roughly 18.4 exabytes. 64-bit CPUs are not faster at executing 32-bit code unless the memory thresholds prohibit functionality. (It's a common mistake on the internet to refer to certain Macs as "32-bit," as almost all Intel Macs (sans the Core Duo Models) have had 64-bit CPUs. However, some of the older Macs, like the 2006-2007 Mac Pros, used 32 Bit EFI. Apple dropped support for 32-bit EFI and Macs that do not support SSE4.1 with Mac OS 10.12. 10.15 Catalina dropped support for 32-bit applications.

    DosDude1 - the handle of a prodigious Mac OS scripter who makes Mac OS installable on a large swath of older Macintoshes, under the same name, generally referred to as some variation of DosDude1 Patcher Tool for Unsupported Macs. In this guide, I refer to DosDude1 not as the person but as the scripts he has written. See his personal website. I encourage users to donate to him for his hard work.

    Firmware - a term you probably have heard and already possess some understanding of, the standard definition is a program that is written into Read-Only Memory (ROMs) and requires a specialized process to change (if it can be changed at all) called Flashing.

    Flash/Flashing - The act of writing over data that exists in an otherwise in Read-Only Memory (ROM) or space (Firmware).

    Hackintosh - Any non-Apple hardware that is running any version of Mac OS, generally standard PCs using a lot of workarounds.

    HFS+ - Short for Hierarchical File System and also referred to as "Mac OS Extended," a proprietary file system used on Mac OS, released with Mac OS 8.1 in 1998. It remained the default file system for Apple for nearly two decades, used on Mac OS 8/9, OS X, the iPod, and early versions of iOS, but lacked some core features found on file systems developed later.

    HomeBrew - long-time computer users are probably familiar with the term "homebrew" in regards to user/hobbyist applications written for systems that generally were closed architecture, like a videogame console. However, with regards to the Macintosh platform, HomeBrew is a package manager for macOS for (mostly) command-line utilities. Package managers function, in principle, like an app store for open source software, as you can quickly install, update, and uninstall the software from your command line. For developers, Homebrew occupies a very important space as it's one of the most preferred ways to install nodejs, python, git, MySQL, as well as utilities like youtube-dl, FFmpeg, imagemagick, and MonitorControl.

    Kext - With OS X, the architecture for drivers uses kernel extensions called .kext files. Kexts are supremely powerful and the backbone for the Hackintosh community to enable unsupported hardware. However, Apple has deprecated kexts in 10.15 Catalina for security reasons, replacing them with EndpointSecurity, SystemExtensions, and DriverKit. How this affects unsupported hardware remains to be seen. Kexts are located within /System/Library/Extension and /Library/Extensions.

    Mac OS / OS X / macOS - Mac OS X is Apple's XNU kernel-based operating system that evolved from NeXTstep. Mac OS X was rebranded to macOS in 2016. I use these interchangeably as I have a tough time accepting macOS, which is still OS X. The difference is superficial. Generally, Apple writes macOS, but I find this annoying, so you'll see Mac OS littered through this guide. Mac OS is not to be confused with Mac OS classic (Mac OS 7.x - 9.x). Today, all of Apple's OSes share the XNU kernel and are all descendants of NeXTStep.

    Metal - Previously, Apple's default graphics library for graphics acceleration was OpenGL (Open Graphics Library), used on iOS and Mac OS. Over time, OpenGL fell behind in performance and features when compared to a library like Microsoft's DirectX. Without an ideal candidate to replace it (OpenGL's successor, Vulkan, would not be released until 2016), Apple created its own graphics library called Metal and shipped it in 2014 on iOS 8 first. Later, Apple ported Metal to OSX. Mac OS 10.14 Mojave uses Metal to now power Mac OS. The new API does not support many old GPUs, as their drivers were not updated. Metal often draws ire from users as it dropped support for many older GPUs that OpenGL drivers had. Regardless, had Apple used Vulkan, there'd been a day of reckoning with older hardware and support that Apple was unlikely to support.

    NVRAM/PRAM - Non-volatile random-access memory (previously Parameter RAM) is a space reserved for various low-level settings found on Macs pertaining to the pre-boot settings. These settings contain data such as default boot volume, backup boot volumes, default audio output, audio levels, computer's name, Keyboard language, backlight level (for laptops), whether Bluetooth is enabled, default GPU, etc. The contents of the NVRAM can be viewed via the terminal using nvram -xp. The difference between NVRAM vs. PRAM is transparent to the user. NVRAM uses a small storage space using flash-based storage, whereas the PRAM uses a battery to keep the settings buffered in the RAM. Occasionally, problems can arise (generally associated with hardware upgrades) that can cause problems. Resetting the NVRAM is still referred to as "zapping the PRAM." This is performed by holding down the Command + option + p + r keys during boot prior to the system chime, which will cause the computer to reboot immediately and chime again. This will clear out the NVRAM. Alternatively, the NVRAM ram can reset via the terminal using nvram ​-c, which will require restarting manually for the changes to take effect.

    OpenCore - In the Hackintosh world, utilities are usually required to facilitate booting macOS on unsupported hardware, commonly referred to as "boot loaders" like Clover. OpenCore is the latest iteration of the boot loader, designed to be more modular, stable, and useful to non-Hackintosh Macs. It can emulate EFIs, allowing for additional functionality. For the Mac Pros, OpenCore can enable a pre-boot screen to pick a bootable drive, and its UEFI emulation can be used in 10.14 to enable hardware encoding of MPEG (.h264), among other things. It can be paired with other fixes like SurPlus to extend support to even macOS 12.

    OpenCore Legacy Project (OCLP) - a subset of OpenCore specifically for legacy Mac support that makes installation for old Macs (not just Mac Pros) a two-click process, greatly simplifying the initial process.

    SIP - System integrity protection, a feature of later Mac OS introduced in OS X El Capitan, that walls off portions of low-level features of Mac OS to protect it from malware. Before this, any application with root-level access could read/edit/modify system files. However, sometimes, when performing certain hacks, it requires disabling during installation and then re-enabling. There are legitimate reasons why users may want to leave it disabled. See Disable System integrity protection for instructions. See About System Integrity Protection on your Mac on Apple.com for more details.

    Terminal/shell - OS X is famously built on NeXTStep, which was a *nix-based operating system that gave it access to a new (old) feature, a command-line shell. This allowed Mac users to interact with the OS akin to Unix/Linux. Many advanced Mac OS operations can only be performed via the terminal, such as disabling SIP or enabling TRIM for an SSD. Users unfamiliar with the world of the terminal should always exercise due diligence before copy and pasting random snippets of code found on the web for the terminal. Any Mac user looking to become a power user should make an effort to learn terminal basics. The ability to operate the terminal unlocks a feature set outside of the GUI and can do many of the functions that the GUI can do. An additional perk is that terminal skills translate to Linux and Unix, good for server management/networking or web development. Many utilities are command-line only, like the ever-power ImageMagick, which can batch-process images much faster than GUI applications. Prior to 10.15, Apple used Bash for its terminal but now has pivoted to ZSH.

    Trashcan - While Mac OS has a trash can for deleting files, in the context of this guide, this used to poke fun at the Mac Pro 2013 for its looks and lack of functionality compared to the almighty classic Mac Pro. Despite its shortcomings, I wrote The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro (2013) Upgrade Guide.



    Know your Mac Pro's Model

    A good portion of this guide (and others) uses terminology such as "Mac Pro 2008" or Mac Pro 4,1 or Mac Pro 6,1 when referring to what upgrades are feasible. The classic Mac Pros come in five iterations, and the Mac Pro family currently has seven different iterations.


    You can find out a Mac Pro's version by going to "About this Mac" under the Apple menu. All classic Mac Pros share a base level of specifications: Four full-length PCIe Slots, 1 mini PCIe slot for an Airport/Bluetooth card, four SATA2 3.5 drive bays, two 5.25 inch Optical drive bays (ATA on 3,1 and lower Mac Pros, SATA2 on Mac Pro 4.1+) dual Gigabit Ethernet, five USB 2.0 ports, two Firewire 400 ports, two Firewire 800 ports, and optical digital audio in/out. The differences pertain to the bus/RAM/CPUs and tray designs for RAM and CPUs. Visually, from the exterior, these computers are the same and difficult to identify from each other without opening them up. Internally, the 1,1/2,1s and 4,1/5,1s are nearly identical. A 1,1 Mac Pro can be firmware flashed to a 2,1 Mac Pro, and a 4,1 can be flashed to a 5,1 Mac Pro. The best way to verify the original computer's version is via its model number (or serial number). For more info, see EveryMac's Mac Pro specification section and EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Lookup.

    Mac Pro Model Name/Year CPUs Max OS Description
    Mac Pro 1.,1 / 2006 Woodcrest 10.11.6 with Pike's Script The first iteration of Mac Pros. The firmware can be upgraded to 2,1 using 32-bit EFI. PCIe 1.0. Lacks SSE4 (aka SSE4.1)
    Mac Pro 2,1 / 2007 Clovertown 10.11.6 with Dosdude1 The 2,1s were released only in dual quad-core CPU configurations. 2006 dual 2x Core Mac Pros sold used the 1,1 firmware, whereas the 2.1s use a slightly updated firmware. Like the 1,1 before, it uses 32-bit EFI. PCIe 1.0 + ATA for optical bays. Lacks SSE4 (aka SSE4.1)
    Mac Pro 3,1 / 2008 Harpertown / Penryn macOS 32 with OpenCore
    (Sequoia is semi suported)    		 The Mac Pro 2008s are the odd man out as there are few CPU options compared to the 1,1/2,1 Mac Pros and 4.1/ 5,1 Mac Pros, 64-bit EFI can use modern macOS with minimal hacking. The 2008 Mac Pros lack SSE 4.2 instruction set on the CPUs as well as EPT/VT-x support, which aids greatly in virtual machine-related tasks. For the most part, neither is required, although the SSE 4.2 support means using modified drivers for modern AMD GPUs. The lack of later CPU instructions means some software isn't as performant. PCIe 2.0 + ATA for optical bays. Optional SATA ports for the optical bay. The Mac Pro dual 4-core 3,1s performance is less than a single CPU 6 Core Mac Pro 5,1.
    Mac Pro 4,1 / 2009 Nehalem macOS 13 with OpenCore
    (Sequoia is suported)    		 The firmware can be upgraded to 5.1 and uses 64-bit EFI. When flashed, they are natively supported for Mojave 10.14, depending on the GPU. 4.1s tend to be the budget upgrader's choice (as historically, they can be had for cheaper than a 5,1 Mac Pro). There is no performance difference between a flashed 4,1 -> 5,1 and a computer that shipped with the 5,1 firmware. However, the Mac Pro 4,1 requires delidded CPUs for dual CPU trays (see the CPU section). PCIe 2.0, no legacy ATA.
    Mac Pro 5,1 / 2010/2012 Westermere macOS 13 with OpenCore
    (Sequoia is suported)    		 The 5.1s are natively supported for Mojave 10.14, depending on GPU. The Westermere CPUs are the highest-end CPUs supported by LGA 1366 Sockets. *Note, there were 2012 Mac Pros sold with a single Nehalem CPU, although somewhat uncommon. There is no difference between the 2010 and 2012 Mac Pros beyond the CPUs and GPU options Apple offered at the time of the sale. The Mac Pro 5.1s (or 4.1s flashed to 5.1s) has enjoyed several major firmware updates for Mojave, enabling the ability to boot NVMe, which previously required workarounds/hacks. PCIe 2.0, no legacy ATA.
    Mac Pro 6.1 / 2013 Ivy-Bridge macOS 13 with OpenCore
    (Sequoia is suported)    		 Also known as the "Cylinder" or "Trash can." These are radically different than the classic Mac Pro models and will not be covered in this guide. For information about this model, please visit The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro (2013) Upgrade Guide.
    Mac Pro 7.1 / 2019 Xeon-W Current also known as the xMP. The Mac Pro 2019 marks a triumphant return to modularity with plenty of PCIe slots and a massive price hike. It features PCIe 3.0, with up to 28 cores and 1.5 TB of RAM. It is in a true workstation-class of computing, doubling its predecessors' entry price.
    Mac Pro 8.1 / 2022 Apple Silicon M2 Ultra Current Apple's first Apple Silicon Mac Pro offers PCIe 4.0 that cannot be used for GPUs, only storage and IO. It has been referred to as expandable but not upgradable.

    Mac Pro 5,1 2010 vs 2012

    Everymac has a good rundown of the minor differences of the 2012 vs. 2010 Mac Pros. The short answer is there is no real difference beyond the CPU/RAM/GPU configurations Apple offered and the manufacturing date. Unlike the Mac Pro 4,1s, every piece of hardware found in a 5,1, regardless of year, is interchangeable. Whereas the 4,1 and 5,1 share most of the components, with exceptions for the backplane and CPU tray. Apple identifies both 2010 and 2012 models as the Mac Pro 5,1.

    Mac Pro 5,1 and 4,1 CPU tray

    There are minor physical differences between the CPU trays, most notably, the 4,1 CPUs require delidded CPUs in the dual tray, and the CPU trays are incompatible between 4,1s and 5,1s, causing fan revving errors. You can see in the above photo that the heat sink screw hole positions on the 5,1s are positioned further.

    Due to the lack of any meaningful differences, this guide (and the community at large) treat the Mac Pro 2010 and 2012 as one-in-the-same. I owned both a 2010 and a 2012, and the only difference was in the "About this computer" from all my observations.


    Identifying a Mac Pro Visually

    Mac Pro 1,1 vs. 3,1 vs. 4,1/5,1

    Mac Pro 1,1 - 3,1s sport FW400 ports, whereas the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1s only have Firewire 800 ports. The easiest way to distinguish a powered-off Mac Pro is by taking the side panel off. For the Mac Pros, note the RAM configurations on the right-hand corner. The other sure-fire method is looking up the Serial Number.

    Never be fooled by a PowerMac G5

    PowerMac G5 vs. Mac Pro

    Picture provided by Peter R.M. Fitskie

    The Mac Pro's case is based on the PowerMac G5. The Apple tower was produced from 2003-2006, which predated the Mac Pro. The G5 used an IBM PowerPC 970 CPUs and represented the last PPC Macs produced. They look exceptionally similar to the Mac Pro but sport only one optical drive, one front-facing USB port, one firewire port, and two fans on the back, among other differences. Sometimes mislabeled listings will list the PowerMac G5s incorrectly as "Mac Pro G5s" or even as a Mac Pro.

    If the computer in question has one optical drive and two fans, it is a PowerMac G5, meaning it cannot run any OS later than 10.5. For more info about PowerMac G5's, see EveryMac: PowerMac G5 and Low-End Mac: PowerMac G5.

    PCIe

    Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe or PCI-E) is the evolution of PCI, which migrated from a parallel bus system (where all cards in a computer competed for the same bandwidth ) to discrete connections. Regardless of how many cards are connected, the bandwidth for each PCIe card will not be adversely affected. PCIe has become the backbone of computers since its first iteration in 2003 and continues to be used, even on laptops, for high-speed storage.

    Mac pro 1,1/2,1- PCIe layout (uses PCIe 1.0)

    PCI Express Slot Slot Speed
    4 x4
    3 x4
    2 x1
    1 x16

    Note: The Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 allowed for lane configuration using Expansion Slot Utility


    Mac pro 3,1/4,1/5,1 - PCIe layout (uses PCIe 2.0)

    PCI Express Slot Slot Speed
    4 x4
    3 x4
    2 x16
    1 x16

    Not all PCIe slots are the same. Since its inception, there have been several updates: PCIe 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, with the very first 4.0 PC motherboards demoed in 2018 and shipping in many PCs today. Each iteration of PCIe radically increases the speed by doubling the available bandwidth. Also, to add a minor bit of confusion, different chipsets have different amounts of total "lanes," measuring speed for a PCIe slot. PCIe slots are not all equal in speed; thus, the total lanes are distributed across the PCIe slots, usually favoring one or two ports for maximum speed. In the Mac Pros (3,1 and above) case, all have a maximum of 40 lanes; thus, the lanes are pre-distributed among the PCIe slots. Since not all PCIe slots have the same amount of lanes, they are not all at the same speed. The amount of lanes a PCIe slot has access to is expressed numerically: 1x (1 lane), 2x (2 lanes), 4x (4 lanes), 8x (8 lanes), and 16x (16 lanes). Each lane's maximum speed depends on the PCIe version a computer has. A 1.x PCIe 1x slot has access to 250 MB/s. Thus, a 4x slot has a maximum of 1 GB/s, an 8x slot has a maximum of 2 GB/s, and so on. Each generation of PCIe effectively doubles the speed of a lane. A PCIe 2.0 lane is 500 MB/s and PCIe 3.0 lane is 1 GB/s. Generally, PCIe speeds are expressed in bytes, not bits. A PCIe 2.0 16x speed (8 GB/s) would be 64 Gbps (64000 Mbps). In this guide, I will use MB/s and GB/s instead of Gbps and Mbps, as transfer speeds are generally expressed in bytes, not bits.

    To reiterate the dramatic speed increases of PCIe based on generation: A 16x port in PCIe 1.x has a maximum of 4 GB/s, whereas a 2.x 16x port can handle 8 GB/s, 3.x is almost 16 GB/s. All PCIe slots are backward compatible; however, the caveat is that PCIe cards may not be backward compatible (this is not common). Also, not all PCIe cards will operate at the maximum port speed, as the card's chipset may limit them. Conversely, a PCIe card may support much faster speeds but will work in any PCIe slot, which will be limited by the port's maximum speed. For example, you could use an AMD Radeon RX 580 in the Mac Pro's 4x slot but with a bit of a performance penalty.

    For more information on the Mac Pro's PCIe slots, see EveryMac's Mac Pro PCIe overview (including how to install cards) and the archived article from developer.apple.com: PCI Product-Specific Details.

    Bifurcation

    Later, motherboards, starting with PCIe 3.0, commonly support bifurcation, which allows a PCIe port to be split in half: One 16x port becomes two 8x or in quarters. An 8x PCIe lane card thus can interface by splitting it into two sets of 4x lanes. Bifurcation is mostly used for SSDs, allowing a single PCIe card to host two SSDs. While the Mac Pro can use PCIe expanders (a separate technology for external PCIe slots by harnessing the bandwidth of a single PCIe slot), it doesn't support bifurcation. PCIe cards can host more than two M.2 NVMe SSDs without bifurcation, but they require specialized controller chipsets. The result is that multi-drive M.2 PCIe cards, which are Mac Pro compatible, cost more. This is also discussed in the PCIe NVMe sleds/blades section.

    For a list of m.2 cards that support multiple NVMe drives, see the M.2 SSD hosts (sleds) section.

    PCIe Power Delivery

    By default, PCIe provides power via motherboard PCIe slot, up to 75w via 4-pin cables. The power requirements for high-performance GPUs have increased, going past PCIe's initial design. To combat the problem of power delivery, PCIe cards started coming with additional power ports and increased pins to carry more power. Generally, in PCs, additional power is drawn directly from 12v taps off the power supply that the user can configure. On the Mac Pros, two power ports on the motherboard can be tapped for additional power. This design choice means less cable mess but also requires buying special mini-PCIe to PCIe cables. Apple's implementation of the PCIe power ports is also non-standard, allowing for more power than the PCIe standard requires. Many PC power supplies also use similar configurations, so 6 to 8-pin adapters can be used. MacProUpgrade members like Brennan F. and MacRumors members have demonstrated that the Mac Pro using various techniques, can deliver roughly 120w and using 4-pin to 6-pin adapters, just shy of the more common 150w with 6-pin cabling.

    If a PCIe card draws more power than the PCIe power can provide, it will trigger the Mac Pro to shut down instantly. This scenario is generally limited to GPUs with exceptionally high power requirements. The Mac Pro PSU can be modified to deliver more power to the PCIe power taps using modifications such as the Pixlas PSU Mod, allowing the Mac Pro to use high-power GPUs, providing the expected 150w safely.

    PCIe 2.0 vs. 3.0 vs 4.0 and its impact on GPU performance

    In computer parlance, the idea of bottlenecking is when a single component limits a computer system.

    For whatever reason, there's an incorrect belief that modern GPUs require the bandwidth of a 16x PCIe 3.0 slot or would greatly benefit from using PCIe 4.0. This myth is persistent and wide despite much information clearly demonstrating otherwise for the GPU. This may be less true for much newer GPUs, most of which are unbootable in the classic Mac Pro. When benchmarked in the real-world using an 8x vs. 16x PCIe 3.0 slot, the impact is minimal, pugetsystems.com performed this very test, and it comes out to be roughly 3%-4% impact. An 8x PCIe 3.0 slot has the same bandwidth as a 16x PCIe 2.0 slot. In gaming, this tends to be even lower. See this YouTube vid comparing 16 4.0 vs. 3.0 vs. 2.0 and PCIe 4.0 vs. PCIe 3.0 GPU Benchmark Feat. GeForce RTX 3080 FE, which shows the impact of sticking the RTX 3080 in 16 PCIe 4.0, 16x PCIe 3.0, and 8x PCIe 3.0 slots. The story is always the same: GPUs are not very bandwidth-intensive. Another common misconception is the Mac Pro's CPUs/bus isn't fast enough to benefit from a high-end GPU, which is patently false. Notably, when it comes to graphics performance, the Mac Pro 2010/2012 remains a performance monster, in most tests besting the iMac Pro running a VII. It may not be as fast as a modern gaming PC running a VII, but depending on the tasks (especially GPU compute), it'll be only 1%-4% slower. More interestingly, when an AMD Radeon 5700 XT was tested in PCIe 2.0 vs. 3.0 vs. 4.0, TechPowerup, after many tests, found a 2% average performance difference between PCIe 2.0 and PCIe 4.0. DigitalCitizen found similar results by comparing PCIe 3.0 to 4.0. GPUs are not nearly as bandwidth-intensive as most people assume (other hardware like SSDs can easily saturate a PCIe bus). I'll give another example: if "bottlenecking" existed in a sense most people visualize it, performance would be capped by bandwidth. Thunderbolt 3, which is also even more bandwidth constricted than a PCIe 2.0 16x slot, still finds improvements running a Radeon VII in a Thunderbolt 3 case over less powerful GPUs, including an iMac's own internal AMD Vega 64. However, the performance is more realized when adequate bandwidth is available instead of a brick wall limitation. Also, the Mac Pro will be nearly as fast as a much more modern PC in gaming at high resolutions. At lower resolutions where the GPU can achieve extreme framerates, the number of calculations per second increases for the CPU to process, as data must be calculated per frame. 240 FPS means the CPU has more data to process per second than if a game was running at 60 FPS, regardless of the resolution. At higher resolutions, the frame rate goes down as the GPU becomes the limiting factor. The Mac Pro makes a fine entry-level 4k gaming machine if one desires to invest in a Vega series GPU or better and is willing to boot Windows 10.

    PCIe 4.0 GPUs and the Mac Pro

    When users complain about the lack of PCIe 4.0 on the 2019 Mac Pro, there's some truth to it, but its adverse effects are minimal. Many modern PCIe 4.0 GPUs run at PCIe 8x 4.0, which effectively places them at the same speed as a 16x PCIe 3.0 slot. However, when an 8x PCIe 4.0 PCIe card is placed into a 3.0 slot, it'll run at 8x 3.0 speed.

    For the cMPs, this only gets worse as an 8x PCIe 4.0 GPU will only run at 8x PCIe 2.0, effectively 1/4th the speed of the intended 8x PCIe 4.0 slot. While the speed penalty for 16x cards is pretty negligible in a 2.0 slot, it is more so for 8x.

    Fast Resource Loading API / DirectStorage API

    The latest trend with Apple with Metal 3 and Microsoft Direct X is, in simple words, APIs that allow GPUs to have a much more direct route to the SSD. This has already been used in game consoles but now is making its way to Macs and PCs alike. The implications on performance and PCIe buses mean that the gains are likely to be much less realized on the Mac Pro lineup as storage is the one place that PCIe 4.0 has a clear advantage.

    Currently, very little software supports this. As of December 2024, few games support full implementation on macOS or Windows, but as time passes, they will be more widely adopted.



    Power Supply

    The Mac Pro uses a non-standard PSU that does not follow the ATX convention and can deliver 980w continuous with a 1200w peak. Apple does not officially list the PSU's maximum power but can be found on PSU stickers, as seen here. It is recommended that PSUs be used from the same Mac Pros iterations as there are minor changes between models. The 4,1 and 5,1 generation Mac Pros are interchangeable as they are the same physically. MacRumors users have successfully used, PSUs in 3.1s.

    PCIe Power

    The Mac Pro uses an uncommon passthrough where the PCIe power is delivered via pass-throughs on the motherboard. The pass-throughs can deliver 120w via the PCIe power ports, 30w shy of the more common 150w found in many PCs. Thus, for high power requirement GPUs, clever users have turned to PSU modification to mimic a standard ATX power supply by bypassing the passthrough throughs to deliver more power. See the PCIe power and Pixlas PSU Mod sections for more info.

    Sites like iFixit have pictorial guides for PSU replacements.

    ATX Power Supplies?

    Thus far, to my knowledge, there's only been a single instance of replacing the Mac Pro PSU with an ATX PSU. MacProUpgrade user Jay Fac's guide includes the pin-outs, a video, and plenty of photos of his completed project. He notes that he has lost the ability to put the computer to sleep. However, this modification is unnecessary for most people as users have successfully installed two GeForce 1080 Tis + NVMe + USB 3,1 and filled the drive bays on dual CPU 3.46 GHz 5,1s when using the Pixlas mod with no negative consequences. The Pixlas mod is much easier than a full PSU replacement.

    We can do some guestimation to illustrate why so few users have attempted an ATX PSU conversion. Using back-of-the-napkin math: A theoretical top-of-the-line build would be two X5690s (peak 130w x 2), VII (peak 321w), four NVMe (peak 7w x 4), four 7200 RPM SATA HDDs (peak 8w x 4), eight 16 GB DDR3 DIMMs (3w x 8), Sonnet USB 3.1c card (75w peak), misc PCIe card (50w), DVD-RW (peak 20w). This means that even if everything was under peak loads at once (a nearly impossible feat), the power draw would be 824w, leaving a continuous supply of 166w for the cooling/motherboard well under the continuous 980w and 1200w peak. The Pixlas mod works sufficiently well.

    Some users have taken to iMore: adding a second PSU to a Mac, MacRumors (from 2012) How To Rig A 2nd PSU (For Modern GPUs or Adding a Second GPU) (w/& w/o soldering.



    Firmware upgrades/hacks

    The Mac Pro line has had a history of Firmware updates. Depending on the model, there's quite a wide gamut of potential upgrades or hacks for your Mac Pro. The Mac Pro Firmware upgrades are now distributed as part of Mac OS and can only be performed when upgrading the operating system.

    Check Your Firmware Version

    From the Apple menu, select About this Mac and click System report. Under the Hardware Overview, you should see a Boot ROM version, which is your current Mac's firmware version. This is not to be confused with "About this Mac." For example, A 2009 Mac Pro will still be reported as a 2009 Mac Pro in the "About this Mac" tab after a firmware flash.

    The Upgradable Firmware Macs

    The Mac Pro 2006s (1,1) and 2009s (4.1) occupy a special place as both can be updated to enable a wider range of CPU configurations with a software update. The Mac Pro 1,1 to 2,1 enables later CPU (Clovertown) support. The 4,1 gets the bigger boost. The firmware update enables Westmere Xeon CPUs and faster bus/RAM. Once a 4,1 is flashed to the 5,1 firmware, it can then use all the 5,1 firmware updates, which enable quite a few goodies like APFS booting, native NVMe support, and such. This is one of those times when a software upgrade makes all the difference. See the CPU upgrades section for more details on CPU configurations. There is no performance difference between a flashed firmware Mac Pro vs. a Mac Pro that shipped with later firmware, assuming the hardware configurations are the same.

    Ars Technica reported on the success of the 2009 Mac Pros being flashed by Netkas forum members.

    2006 1,1 Mac Pro

    The Mac Pro 1,1 flash allows for later CPU models to be used. Currently, there is a firmware hack to allow for Mac Pro flashing script (github.com) to boot alt OSes. Also, there's research being done on firmware hack to enable Harpertown CPU support.

    Note: Sometimes, it is incorrectly reported that the 1,1/2,1 Mac Pro cannot run 64-bit applications (such as Pindelski's upgrade guide), which is untrue. They are limited to a 32-bit EFI ROM. 64-bit Applications run natively, as this is independent of the EFI ROM. For reference, the G5 was the first Macintosh to support 64-bit, which mostly enabled them to address more than 4 GB of Maximum RAM. Every Intel Mac outside of the original Core Duos (not to be confused with the Core 2 Duo) is 64-bit. 32 bit only Intel Macs are an oddity,

    2007 2,1 Mac Pro

    There are no firmware upgrades for the Mac Pro 2.1s.

    2008 3,1 Mac Pro

    The Mac Pro 2008 remains a bit of the odd man out regarding firmware. With the DOSdude1 High Sierra patcher, this computer can boot APFS volumes but not from encrypted APFS volumes.

    Clever hardware hackers discovered how to enable bootable NVMe on Mac Pro. It requires making a custom firmware using ROMtool and EXEinject on the 3.1. Today, this path is no longer necessary for NVMe support as OpenCore can inject the proper drivers for NVMe support.. Note: this hack was initially performed on Mac Pro 5,1s but is unnecessary as Apple has released NVMe compatible bootROMs for them. Below is a collection of links related to the bootROM procedure. Below is a collection of links related to the bootROM procedure. However, this hack falls into adventure territory. See the Mac Pro 3,1 NVMe Drive Natively Booting post below. It's highly recommended to stay with AHCI SSDs with the Mac Pro 3,1s.

    2009 4,1 Mac Pro

    Mac Pro 4.1s are flashable to the Mac Pro 5,1 firmware. Once flashed, they are a Mac Pro 5,1 and thus can use all Mac Pro 5,1 firmware updates. Below is a collection of links, all demonstrating how to upgrade a Mac Pro 4,1 -> 5.1. There are multiple guides on how to flash the Mac Pro 4,1 -> a 5,1. You will need the MacProFirmwareToolUpdate utility.

    A Mac Pro 2009 running 5,1 Firmware will still appear as a 2009 Mac Pro in "About This Mac". However, this is not the firmware version but rather the manufacturer date. The firmware version can be found in the System Report. The firmware can be found in the System Report.

    2010-2012 5,1 Mac Pro Firmware

    Despite the obvious age of the Mac Pro 5.1s, someone or at least a group of someones are/is managed to throw a few bones to the community by providing updates for the Mac Pros 8 years after their release, an olive branch. Stability-minded users should not use beta OSes. Both 10.13 and 10.14 have been welcome surprises for Mac Pro 5,1 users, including firmware updates to enable APFS support and later NVMe booting. However, with macOS 10.15.x dropping 5,1 support, the Mac Pro 5,1s have hit the end of the road for EFI updates. Forum member Tsialex of MacRumors (one of the experts on Mac Pros on the interwebs) has compiled and maintained a list of Firmware versions for the Mac Pro 5.1. I highly recommend this blog post as I've directly lifted his notes from it, but there's more info in his original blog post. I credit his work below. The BootROMs are distributed as part of the Mac OS upgrades. It is unlikely that we will see continued firmware updates for the Mac Pro 5.1s in Catalina.

    All Firmware updates are performed during the OS installation process. A Mac Pro can be updated to the latest firmware and continue to run older OSes. Mac OS 10.13 can run off an NVMe drive. Now that the classic Mac Pros have been dropped unceremoniously for 10.15 Catalina in Appleistic planned-obsolescence fashion, it's safe to assume we've seen the last firmware updates.

    Version OS shipped with Changes
    with MP51.0083.B00 10.13 DP5 Beta APFS support*
    MP51.0084.B00 10.13 DP6 Beta APFS support
    MP51.085.B00 10.13.4 + Mojave DP/PB 1-3 APFS support
    MP51.087.B00 10.13.5 missing the Intel Xeon microcodes
    MP51.089.B00 10.13.6 updating to the Spectre mitigated microcodes on the April 2 Microcode Update Guidance
    138.0.0.0.0 10.14 DP7/PB6 5GT/s support for every PCIe 2.0 card and new microcodes support
    139.0.0.0.0 10.14.1 DP1 minor updates and corrections
    140.0.0.0.0 10.14.1 NVMe boot, minor updates and corrections**
    141.0.0.0.0 10.14.4 DP2 minor updates
    142.0.0.0.0 10.14.4 DP4 W3xxx Xeon "bricker" & updated APFSJumpStart EFI module (see below for more details)***
    141.0.0.0.0 10.14.4 final NVMe boot, minor updates and corrections
    142.0.0.0.0 10.14.5 DP1 3xxx Xeon "bricker"***
    141.0.0.0.0 10.14.5 DP2 minor updates and corrections
    144.0.0.0.0 10.14.5 DP4 lots of corrections, booting improvements

    * Mac OS 10.13 (High Sierra), comes bundled with a new EFI update for APFS bootablility and works with any 5,1 Mac Pros (including previously upgraded 4.1) Mac Pros but requires an EFI bootable graphics card as reported by MacRumors forum posters.

    *** The Mac Pro Firmware upgrade v142.0.0.0 included in the developer preview 4 of MacOS Mojave 10.14.4 (20190304) and 10.14.5 DP1 included a bad BootROM, which is not part of the regular releases. Users at MacRumors are reporting that the update bricks Mac Pro 5.1s with W3xxx Xeon CPUs. See the check your CPU model section.

    Updating a 4,1 to 5,1

    The process of updating a 4,1 to a 5,1 requires disabling SIP in 10.11+ and running the Firmware Tool, I highly recommend following HouseOfMoth: Turning a 2009 4,1 Mac Pro into a 2010/2012 5,1 Mac Pro – 2021 Edition as it'll help you avoid common problems.

    Sometimes firmware upgrades can be tricky. Users occasionally will see the "The program has encountered an error: 5570". There's a MacRumors thread, what's wrong? Why won't you let me upgrade 4,1 to 5,1 firmware? and MacProUpgrade: I'm trying to update my firmware for 4,1 to 5,1. I'm following the procedures, and I'm stuck at this error. Most threads recommend starting with disabling SIP, which the HouseOfMoth's guide starts with.

    Updating Firmware Strategies for Mac Pro 5.1s

    Mojave doesn't always make the update process clear, and it's possible to get stuck on 138.0.0.0.0 or 140.0.0.0.0 and miss upgrading to the last firmware-released version 144.0.0.0.0. The most tried and true solution is to have a spare drive or volume to install Mac OS 10.13, High Sierra, on. Then download from High Sierra the last version of Mojave, 10.14.6. The easiest way for most people is to use DOSDUDe1's Mojave installer and ignore the installer.

    I've written a pictorial guide to walk anyone through upgrading to 144.0.0.0.0 for anyone looking to update their firmware, regardless of what OS they want to run.

    Useful Links



    OS upgrades

    macOS Ventura Logo

    The Mac Pros can run much later OSes than officially supported, although there are caveats. Installing unsupported OSes can be done easily using scripts or using OpenCore. These scripts have been named after the authors who created them. Pike's Script is exclusively for the 1,1/2,1. DosDude1's scripts cover a brevity of Macs, including the Mac Pro 3,1/4,1/5,1. All but the 1,1/2,1s can run modern iterations of macOS using Dosdude1's hacks, which can be found at his website dosdude1.com. Below is a list of the official vs. unofficial supported OSes.

    Model: Max officially supported OS Max unofficially supported OS
    Mac Pro 4,1/5,1 macOS 10.14 Sequoia
    Mac Pro 3,1 OS X 10.11 Sequoia
    Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 OS X 10.7 OS X 10.11

    The Rise and Fall of OS Modification Scripts to OpenCore

    To understand OpenCore, it's important to have a grasp of the history of hacking macOS to run on unsupported hardware. Prior to boot loaders, the vector to run the latest macOS were scripts that generally modified the OS itself so it'd pass hardware checks to install and boot and often included fixes. The most popular and prominent were the DOSDUDE1 installers.

    While these scripts worked, they were an imperfect solution, as installing updates would break the modifications and ultimately left the updated OS unbootable. Installing updates meant re-running the entire macOS installer.

    OpenCore came from a desire to create a bootloader to allow for per-boot injections to solve the problems for Hackintoshes or Apple hardware, be it legacy hardware support, drivers, or boot flags. The advantage is that macOS itself (mostly) was not being modified, and changes could easily be swapped by reconfiguring the boot loader.

    While the process of OpenCore is more complex for the end-user, its advantages are massive, thus drawing in a larger community of both Apple hardware owners and Hackintosh users. Many notable people have contributed to OpenCore, including people like DOSDUDE1.

    OpenCore History: chasing Apple's whims (SurPlus/MontRAND)

    With OpenCore Legacy Patcher, the installation process of OpenCore's friction has been simplified into a point-and-click install. It wasn't always this way, and it took the work of many brilliant people to get to where we are today.

    OpenCore wasn't without its own complications for the Mac Pros. This is largely due to the classic Mac Pros no longer being supported, as Apple's changes to macOS in later versions have created issues for the classic Mac Pros.

    To give context to OpenCore's battles, Big Sur 11.3+ presented problems as boots would often fail. This potentially could result in a corrupted boot volume documented by users on MacRumors, which resulted in the experimental LateBloom OpenCore hack and eventually SurPlus.

    Late Bloom worked by interjecting a delay() during the boot sequence to give the Mac Pro (hopefully) enough time to load properly without interrupting it entirely. It was a bandaid fix but was later resolved when the race condition was identified and patched.

    The Mac Pro 4,1/5,1 is Big Sur compatible using OpenCore, and at least one user's preliminary test shows mildly improved Geekbench scores (Opencore - on the Mac Pro, requires membership). The Mac Pro 3,1s are still able to run with a bit of work. The most popular distribution of OpenCore at the time was, h9826790 (aka Martin)'s bundle.

    macOS Monterey requires the SurPlus to boot safely, macOS Monterey 12.1 makes extensive use of RDRAND, a CPU random number generator that does not exist on the classic Mac Pros, and OpenCore - on the Mac Pro is recommending holding off on Monterey as it enables SecureBootModel (SBM) in OpenCore and resetting the NVRAM ram can leave your Mac in an unbootable state. Today, OpenCore offers OpenCore Legacy Patcher which automates configuration including the SurPlus/MontRaid to fix 11.3+ and above.

    macOS Ventura has created its own set of long-term issues as it requires AVX and AVX2 for many OS functions. There have been inroads as Ventura is bootable, but some applications use AVX/AVX2, thus creating compatibility issues.

    OS updates often drop old hardware support. This chart does not include notes for macOS and the 1,1/2,1s. See below for notes on OS upgrades for Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s.

    * macOS 11.3 requires SurPlus, and macOS 12.1 requires MonteRand


    OpenCore and OpenCore Legacy Patcher

    As a quick primer, OpenCore is a boot loader. OpenCore functions as middle wear between the firmware and macOS. This allows changes to be injected without modifying the OS. Through these modifications, discontinued hardware can be supported. OpenCore was designed to replace Clover and other Hackintosh solutions to avoid repeatedly patching after minor OS changes. However, OpenCore proved not only to be useful for Hackintosh owners but also for Mac owners as well.

    OpenCore Legacy Patcher (OCLP) is a utility that automates the installation of OpenCore on older Macs that Apple no longer supports and has matured to a point-and-click utility. Users do not have to understand esoteric software configuration in OpenCore; instead, they can rely on a community to test the latest developments from the OpenCore community and fold them into a package. The above issues like MontRand are folded into OpenCore Legacy Patcher, meaning the users do not need to understand the inner workings of OpenCore configuration.


    I've written a guide, OpenCore and OpenCore Legacy Patcher Explained

    OS version: Hardware Requirement Changes: DOSDude1 required models:
    10.11: El Captian none none
    10.12: Sierra Drops support for wireless chipset BCM4321 (found in the Mac Pro 3.1). 32-Bit EFI Mac support dropped / SSE 4 required. (Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s) 3.1
    10.13: High Sierra No wireless BCM4321 support, switches to APFS as the default file system. 3.1
    10.14: Mojave No wireless BCM4321 support, now requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** 3.1
    10.15: Catalina No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** See below for details. 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
    11.0 Big Sur No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** See below for details. Requires OS hack SurPlus. None yet.
    12.0 Monterey No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** See below for details. Requires OS hack SurPlus. Currently, Recommended advice is to way because of SecureBootModel (SBM) configuration. See OpenCore - on the Mac Pro - MONTEREY WARNING!!. Monterey 12.1 appears like it will not be usable on the Mac Pro 5,1s without extensive hacking.. None.
    13.0 Ventura Requires AVX/AVX2. Massive changes. 2013 Mac Pro 2013 dropped. No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** Drops support for any GPUs below AMD Polaris chipsets (GPUs before the RX 560/RX 570/RX 580, etc.), USB 1.1 drivers removed. None.
    14.0 Sonoma Requires AVX/AVX2. No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** Drops support for any GPUs below AMD Polaris chipsets (GPUs before the RX 560/RX 570/RX 580, etc.). No Legacy USB 1.1 Drivers. None.
    15.0 Sequoia Requires AVX/AVX2. No 32-bit Application/binary support, No wireless BCM4321 or BCM94322MC support (found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1), requires Metal compatible GPU to install*, SSE4.2 requirement for AMD GPU Drivers**, no modern Nvidia support*** Drops support for any GPUs below AMD Polaris chipsets (GPUs before the RX 560/RX 570/RX 580, etc.). No Legacy USB 1.1 Drivers. None.

    * Mojave and Catalina will not allow installation if any GPUs are Metal compatible plugged in, such as the GT120. Updating requires pulling non-Metal accelerated GPUs (they can be installed after the update and will still output video). See the Aftermarket GPUs section for a complete list of Metal compatible GPUs.

    ** The AMD drivers for off-the-shelf cards (like the Vega and Radeon 5xx series) do not support the Mac Pro 3,1 in Mojave but can be used with Netkas patched AMD METAL drivers. These are provided in the DosDude1 patchers for Mojave and Catalina.

    *** NVidia Web Drivers are no longer supported, meaning any Kepler-based chipset has been dropped in macOS over a dispute between Apple and Nvidia. See the GPU section for more details.

    Notably, some security updates may fail at installation since they require updating the recovery partition manually. See Update Recovery Partition on Unsupported Macs for more details.

    The popular OpenCore bootloader enables installing the latest OS by tricking it by making the Mac Pro to the OS as appearing as an iMac Pro. The advantage is that all OS updates would be performed via the control panel. See the MacRumors thread for more details and h9826790 (aka Martin)'s OpenCore overview.

    Mojave vs. Catalina vs. Big Sur vs. Monterey

    Changes have not be nearly as drastic post Monterey.

    Feature Mojave Catalina Big Sur Monterey
    Max GPU Support Vega Series (Vega 56, 64, FE, VII) Navi (5500, 5600, 5700 + XT) Navi Big Navi (6600 XT, 6800, 6800 XT, 6900 XT)
    Application support 32-Bit / 64-bit 64-Bit 64-Bit 64-Bit
    Graphics API Metal (OpenGL depreciated) Metal Metal Metal
    Media iTunes Apple Music/Apple TV+ Apple Music
    (Lossless and Dolby Atmos Support)
    Apple TV+    		 Apple Music
    (Lossless and Dolby Atmos Support)
    Apple TV+

    Monterey and Big Sur few major changes for Mac Pro users beyond GPU support, security updates, improved consumer audio formats, and new versions of Apple's applications (Music, Apple TV+, Messages, Safari, etc.). It runs stable on Mac Pros, and Big Sur has been demonstrated to slightly improve Geekbench scores. Users can view Apple's list of Monterey features here.

    macOS 15 Sequoia

    macOS 15 Sequoia is supported under OpenCore Legacy Patcher (and via manual configurations for OpenCore). See OCLP Supported Models page for the latest and most current details

    Downloading old versions of macOS

    Apple has finally wised up and allowed direct downloads of (some) DMGs, which can be found here going back as far as macOS 10.10. Apple does still sell CDs of 10.7 and 10.8, and finally offers them as direct downloads. Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Below is a list of download links (and source) for previous macOS versions.

    OS Installer is Damaged error

    If you are having problems with the Sierra / High Sierra / Mojave installer running, with an error reading to the effect of "This copy of the Install macOS Mojave.app application is damaged and can't be used to install macOS", the signing certificate expired. From the installer (if booted by USB), go from the menu, select terminal, and run the following command:

     Date 1023120019

    This will set your Mac's date to October 23, 12 pm 2019, temporarily, and this will allow you to run the installer.

    10.15+ - Known Issues

    Upgrading to Catalina may not be in everyone's interest, as 32-bit applications are no longer supported. No Mac Pro (sans the 2019 xMP) can run Sidecar, although I wouldn't be surprised if enterprising hackers find a workaround.

    Know Issues:

    • Apple removed the BCM94322MC wifi chipset support, the original wifi card found in the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1s. However, BCM94360CD or BCM943602CD chipsets are still supported. These can be upgraded.
    • NVIDIA Kepler GPU support is buggy.
    • Sidecar (Apple's new screen-sharing for iPads) is actively blocked for the cMPs and even the trashcans.

    Helpful Links

    Upgrading to Catalina / Big Sur / Monterey: OpenCore vs DosDude1

    Currently, upgrading to Catalina has two vectors to upgrade to 10.15 Catalina: OpenCore and DosDude1. Hackintosh users may recognize OpenCore, the opensource bootloader, Big Sur, and Monterey are only obtainable using OpenCore.

    OpenCore - see the install guide here as well as the refined instructions in the same thread.

    Pros:

    • Allows System Updates via the Update Panel
    • OS is entirely unpatched
    • Can run the latest macOS.
    • Vectors for Hardware Acceleration for modern GPUs and Video
    • Can enable a pre-boot boot selector (boot screen)
    • Protects boot ROM from Windows 10 when installed in UEFI mode
    • Can use 32 GB DIMMs in 5,1s for 256 GB of RAM
    • Continues to evolve, bringing more support and stability for older hardware

    Cons:

    • Complex setup
    • Requires Westermere CPU for Mac Pro 5,1s g

    DosDude1 - official website for Catalina Patcher

    Pros:

    • Easy, intuitive installation
    • Direct OS download from the installer
    • Includes patched drivers for modern AMD GPUs for 3,1 Mac Pros

    Cons:

    • OS updates require re-running the Catalina Patcher process
    • Does not include the benefits of OpenCore (boot screen, video codec acceleration, etc)
    • No vector currently for beyond Catalina

    OpenCore: Acceleration, Boot selection, and unpatched OS updates

    The Mini-Glossary contains a good overview of OpenCore. In short, OpenCore is a boot loader that loads before macOS and can improve functionality, such as enabling full GPU acceleration for video codecs, enabling boot screens with aftermarket GPUs, and the only way to run macOS 12. It is now the standard recommended vector for Mac Pro users running 10.14 Mojave, 10.15 Catalina, 11.0 Big Sur, and 12 Monterey. The most popular implementation is the pre-configured OpenCore distribution found on MacRumors maintained by Martin Lo.

    Regarding macOS, the Mac Pro is an iMac Pro that allows OS updates to be installed seamlessly.

    Any OS beyond Big Sur 11.2.3 is susceptible to a serious bug, a PCIe race condition. This particular glitch caused the Mac Pro to fail to boot frequently and often, eventually, after repeated crashes resulting in a boot drive corrupting crash. As a stopgap, a very experimental workaround known as LateBloom, a hack to inject delays into the boot process to allow for the callbacks (that cause the crash) to respond. Now, the exact issue was identified, and SurPlus is included in h9826790 (aka Martin)'s OpenCore bundle. For users who've already installed OpenCore, Mac Sound Solutions has a great YouTube video demonstrating the process to upgrade to Big Sur 11.6, Jessie's Flying - macOS on unsupported Macs also some interesting OpenCore content as well.

    OpenCore is continuously in development and has evolved to provide more stability and features for the Mac and Hackintosh communities.

    Apple's EFI vs. UEFI and implications for OpenCore

    Again, the Mini-Glossary covers EFI, but the short answer is that EFI that Apple used on its earliest Intel Macs predates the UEFI standard; thus, it creates issues around pre-boot graphics card drivers (hence lack of pictures before the drives fully load with aftermarket cards) and also with other OSes expecting UEFI. Typically, with PCs, before EFI, the boot order went: bios -> MBR (Master boot record) -> bootloader -> Kernel. With UEFI, this changed to UEFI -> EFI bootloader -> Kernel. Thus a properly partitioned drive for the EFI world has an EFI partition + GUID partition. However, Apple's implementation of both EFI and UEFI is unusual, to say the least, as as famed eclecticlight.co points out that the EFI partitions aren't particularly used for anything besides perhaps firmware updates. OpenCore provides a way to modify EFI to provide UEFI-like functionality. It works by adding a middle step to the boot sequence that can be altered, Mac EFI bootloader -> OpenCore Bootloader -> Kernel. This additional step is crucial as it allows OpenCore to inject changes without physically modifying the OS. This is much more desirable than OS patching, as changes happen as part of the boot sequence and will not be overwritten when the OS is updated.

    OpenCore has rapidly progressed, with a flurry of massive successes, starting with GPU fixes, and now has moved towards extending the life of the classic Mac Pros. Thus, so has the complexity of OpenCore, and thus, for my own sanity (this guide is already massive), I am not providing a comprehensive guide but rather a primer in this section as OpenCore could easily be as large as this guide itself. End of the day, this guide is a road map.

    The OpenCore Bootloader supports an EFI screen for newer GPUs by loading additional generic device drivers, enabling video output.

    OpenCore Legacy Patcher

    OpenCore also supports OpenCore Legacy Patcher which allows even deper legacy support. One of the most popular applications for OpenCore Legacy Patcher (often referred to as OCLP) is Nvidia driver injection for Kepler Metal compatible drivers in macOS Monterey.

    OpenCore Legacy Patcher (OCLP) is now generally the preferred method for people installing e

    OpenCore Guides

    Most users should default to using OpenCore Legacy Patcher rather than attempt to manually configure OpenCore, and should follow the official Dortania's OpenCore Install Guide as it supporters a wide range of hardware.

    For ages, the community, spearheaded by Martin LO, has maintained a preconfirguration for OpenCore at MacRumors and a user's YouTube video demonstrating OpenCore bridge boot rEFInd with legacy Windows and The OpenCore MacRumors thread for more details.

    Also, Joerg Henninges's YouTube Channel has a fair amount of OpenCore Content and House of Moth has a good Quick Guide to installing OpenCore on the Mac Pro. Mac Sound Solutions has a great YouTube videos on OpenCore.

    MacVidCards.eu has tutorial on how to configure OpenCore Legacy Patcher.

    The Mac Pro 3,1 has its own special set of considerations. See the OpenCore and the 2008 Mac Pro 3,1.

    MacRumor's Mac Pro Forum and Open Core on the Mac Pro (Facebook) are great OpenCore communities that are invaluable and where I frequented when I used OpenCore.

    Lastly, there is now a Facebook Group dedicated to running OpenCore on cMPs, Opencore - on the Mac Pro.

    DosDude1 Patcher

    DosDude1 Patcher is no longer recommended but is simple to use for Catalina. You'll need a 16 GB+ drive or USB flash that can be wiped clean. Most will do, although some USB Flash drives can cause issues with the installer. For instance, a Lexar MicroSD card in a USB adapter and an old USB Flash drive caused the installer to crash when trying to boot off the installer volume. I used an old Firewire HDD to upgrade to High Sierra on my Mac Pro 3.1.

    Also, it is very important to run the post-install scripts. Your Mac will likely reboot suddenly after the DOSdude1 installer has completed and most likely will try and boot from the new OS. It will crash. Fear not! Boot from the DOSDude1 installer and, run from the dropdown menu and run the Post Install Scripts. Force building cache may cause a lot of headaches (including the inability to boot without using safe mode). Unless you have a good reason to do so, I recommend not force-clearing the caches.

    Disabling System Integrity Protection

    As mentioned in the glossary, SIP functions as a method of system protection. Apple describes it as follows:

    " (A) security technology in OS X El Capitan and later that's designed to help prevent potentially malicious software from modifying protected files and folders on your Mac. System Integrity Protection restricts the root user account and limits the actions that the root user can perform on protected parts of the Mac operating system."

    Before Apple implemented SIP, any software that was granted root access (by the user entering her/his password) could modify/edit system files. Generally, a user shouldn't disable SIP unless there's a specific reason. That said, there are plenty of reasons to disable SIP, such as certain boot managers or unsupported hardware cases. SIP can always be re-enabled.

    1. Boot to recovery mode
    2. From the recovery mode, from the Utility dropdown, select "Terminal"
    3. Enter the command:
       csrutil disable
    4. Reboot

    To re-enable SIP, repeat the above steps. Instead, run 

     csrutil enable

    You can check your SIP status at any time without booting to the recovery mode from the terminal with the following command: 

     csrutil status

    Stop the "Upgrade to MacOS..." banners

    In the past few years, Apple has moved to nagware for OS updates, often pestering users running non-compatible configurations to upgrade (such as running a non-Mojave-compatible GPU). You can disable the notifications following osxdaily's handy guide.

    Upgrade to High Sierra without APFS

    As an extreme edge case for certain pros using legacy apps, High Sierra can wreak havoc on support. A few users have chosen to continue using HFS+ as it ensures compatibility with some legacy applications. Note: for Mac Pro 5,1 users, this can interfere with later firmware updates. MacProUpgrade group members, for instance, report that Updating to 10.4.5 firmware won't install with HFS+ on the boot drive.

    Running Apps from unidentified developers

    Gatekeeper no longer has a "allow apps downloaded from anywhere," but it is still possible to re-enable this setting using the terminal.

    sudo spctl --master-disable

    This can be re-enabled at any time by running the inverse of this command:

    sudo spctl --master-enable

    Big Sur requires an entirely new paradigm. A user must Right-click an application and click open to be presented with the ability to safelist the application.

    iMore has a good article explaining the entire process for the curious.

    Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 and Pike's Script

    The Mac Pro 2006s can run 10.11.6, but there are some hoops to jump through, notably a video card with at least 512 MB of VRAM, and you'll need Captain Pike's Script, which takes a lot of the leg work out. Also, Wi-Fi will be unsupported with the old chipset, but the airport can be upgraded.

    Final Cut Pro 7, Aperture, and later OSes

    The open-source project, Retroactive, allows users to run Final Cut Pro 7 up to macOS 10.14 and Aperture on macOS 11, Big Sur.



    CPU Upgrades

    Xeon 5690

    Every Mac Pro made (including the 2013 and 2019 Mac Pros) has sported multicore, interchangeable Xeon series CPUs. The Xeons are built on the same architecture as its desktop-grade siblings. The Xeon CPUs' main benefit has been more CPU cores, the ability to support multi-CPU motherboards, larger cache memory, more PCIe lanes, much higher maximum RAM, and Error-correcting code memory (ECC). These benefits come with a trade-off as the Xeon line had much higher price points, doesn't have built-in support for overclocking, and generally operates at (slightly) lower-clock speeds.

    As a computer is the sum of many parts (not just the CPU), CPUs are not interchangeable between Mac Pro versions. For example, a CPU from a Mac Pro 4.1/ 5,1 cannot be used with a Mac Pro 2.1, as the supporting chipsets and the CPU socket itself are different. The Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s used 65-nm (nanometer) CPUs, and 3,1/4,1/5,1 used 45-nm CPUs. The Mac Pro 6,1s that came after the classic Mac Pros used a 22-nm. In 9 years, the Mac Pro CPUs had shrunk to roughly 1/3 the size. Incidentally, seven years later, Intel will not ship its first 10-nm CPUs until 2021, let alone a 7-nm. A smaller CPU means more efficiency (see Denard Scaling). AMD's Ryzen 4000 series is 7 nm. Apple's A14 CPUs are 5 nm.

    Instruction Sets, SSE 4.2, VT-x/EPT, AVX/AVX2

    Apple has (so far) gone through three major CPU changes with the Macintosh lineup, going from 68k (Motorola), PowerPC (IBM/Motorola), and currently x86 (Intel, AMD) and ARM (Apple/TSMC). Each of these terms refers to the family of instruction set architecture that a CPU can execute (the compiled binary code it can run). Among each of these instruction set architectures are various improvements that often require code to be optimized by code compilers, and/or the software developers must (re)write code so they can be taken advantage of.

    Over time, CPUs have gained specialized single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction sets that are beneficial for certain types of tasks where the same operation on multiple data points simultaneously (like changing the volume of PCM audio or rotating an image). This allows a CPU to perform the task with much greater efficiency. In a different era, these gains were often marketed to consumers like MMX or AltiVec (velocity engine), or 3Dnow. Today, these sorts of CPU changes aren't as frequent or as clearly advertised, but they still exist and affect performance.

    Both SSE 4,1 instruction set and SSE 4.2 first appeared in the Harpertown (SSE 4.1) and Nehalem CPUs (SSE 4.2) found in the Mac Pro 4.1+, as well as both VT-x/EPT. SSE4.2 generally is not required for Mac software to run, but the Radeon drivers for Mojave* do. SSE 4.2 can make a world of difference in some applications, such as the application Serato Djay. The application is barely usable on a Mac Pro 2x Quad Core 2.8 GHz 3,1, whereas a Mac Pro 4,1 2.4 GHz 4-Core will have no trouble with it.VT-x/EPT are both technologies used in virtualization. While all the Mac Pros can run virtual machines as they include HyperVisor support, the Mac Pro 4.1s+ are noticeably more performant when running virtual machines as popular software like VMware and Parallels have VT-x/EPT support.

    There are some CPU instructions that the Mac Pros 4,1/5,1s do not support, such as Advanced Vector Extension (AVX). Not much software requires AVX, but Massive X does. AVX/AVX2 dependency is unlikely to ever be required for macOS x86. Apple's own Rosetta 2 does not support AVX/AVX2/AVX 512. CPUs are unlikely to be the limiting factor for future macOSes.

    There are plenty of quality high-level overviews on CPUs and their design which are much better than this guide.

    *The AMD Drivers have been hacked to include SSE 4.2 emulation for Mac Pro 3.1s, enabling them to use modern AMD GPUs. See the GPU Upgrades section for more details.

    Apple Silicon and the Mac Pro's fate (and additional observations)

    The short answer is no one knows how long Apple intends to support Intel Macs. We have two statements from Apple, they will offer Intel Macs until 2022, and they pledged to support x86 for years.

    Apple has transitioned its Mac lineup two times now, from 68k to PPC and from PPC to x86. To assist the previous transition, Apple offered Rosetta a real-time translation layer to run PPC binaries on x86, which included both PPC and x86 libraries for applications to access. This time, Apple has Rosetta 2, which works similarly, translating x86 to ARM. In an ironic twist, ARM is the second time Apple has switched to a RISC-based CPU.

    Apple transitioned to x86 quickly, starting with offering in late 2005 Intel iMacs and laptops using the Core Duo, which quickly jumped to the 64-bit Core 2 Duos mere months later and, in 2006, refreshed its entire lineup with stark and drastic performance increases. Apple supported PPC Macs until 2009 when Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard dropped support. Apple supported PPC for roughly three years.

    However, the lay of the land is different today. In 2005, Apple sold 4.5 million Macs. Today, Apple sells roughly 20 million Macs. Roughly, Apple has 140-150 million still supported Intel Macs in Big Sur, vs. Apple, the 15 million PowerPC Macs capable of running OS X when Apple switched to x86. Apple is no longer the same company and now faces increased scrutiny as it finds itself the most valuable tech company and often the world's most valuable one. We can safely assume that Intel Macs will be supported until 2025, as Apple has supported PPC Macs for almost three years. My guess would be 2026-2027, as 4-5 years seems correct. It's also worth noting that, in May of 2020, Microsoft stopped distributing the 32-bit version of Windows 10 ( even owners of 20-year-old Pentium 4 desktops could run Windows 10 ). Windows will undoubtedly support old Intel Macs for many years. For comparison, Apple dropped 32-bit CPUs in 2011, axing support for the first 2005 Macs featuring Core Duo CPUs.

    The performance of M1 Macs is impressive, boasting Geekbench single-core 3x as fast as the best cMP and besting its multicore performance by roughly 8%-10%, but also faces some hard limitations that are unanswered. Currently, the M1 cannot support eGPUs (or may not support eGPUs yet), currently capped at 16 GB of RAM, cannot run unsigned code (I and others disproved this), and cannot boot Windows. The synthetic benchmarks are very impressive. That said, in some more real-world tests like Logic or clickbaity Intel And AMD x86 Mobility CPUs, Destroy Apple's M1 In Cinebench R23 Benchmark Results (which isn't the case seeing as the m1 has half the cores and less than half the power consumption as a Ryzen 9 4900H). In many other real-world tests, the M1 shines very brightly. It's apparent that MacWorld has jumped the gun with With M1 Macs, memory isn't what it used to be, as more real-world testing is needed to back up such a claim. Apple uses a unified memory architecture, where both the GPU and CPU share the RAM instead of having a separate buffer for the GPU (VRAM). Unified memory previously was most commonly found in video game consoles (starting with the N64 and Playstation 2) and smartphones. Unified memory means that VRAM isn't required as both the CPU and GPU have direct access to items stored in RAM, and thus, there isn't additional latency when items are moved from RAM to VRAM. However, this comes at the cost of VRAM not operating independently of RAM when large amounts of VRAM are required, such as high-end gaming, certain machine learning operations, video compositing, etc. Tasks that require/greatly benefit from large amounts of RAM or VRAM will undoubtedly continue to benefit from large amounts of RAM (or VRAM) on Apple Silicon.

    On its tight thermal budgets and against integrated graphics chipsets, the Apple Silicon is virtually unmatched. Apple Silicon still hasn't closed the gap against dedicated GPUs and remains lagging. Apple's laptop future looks exceptionally bright, but its professional desktop future is murky where core counts are high, thermal budgets are big, RAM measures into the terabytes, GPUs are massive, and modularity is king.

    I can easily imagine a strange future where Apple's hardware aces high-end GPUs when rendering video from video editing applications but gets pummeled in gaming or tensor flow.

    Will Apple release any Apple Silicon with modular components? Will they be based on current standards? We can only hope that the ideal Mac Pro is capable of using common GPUs like AMD's RX 6800 or the bigger AMD's RX 6900 XT.

    How to replace the CPUs in a 4,1 - 5,1

    The Hex 3.2 update from 2010 quad 2.8 photos new! CPU to use! from 2011 has been a community standby, amassing well over 200k views since it was first posted. ifixit it also has "Mac Pro 2009-2012 CPU (8 core) Replacement" that demonstrates the process of replacing the CPUs. There's also quite a bit of youtube content on the subject. The 4,1 dual trays use delidded CPUs.

    Are "matched paired" CPUs worth it?

    Occasionally, eBay sellers will sell "matched paired" CPUs. Intel has never sold "matched pair" Xeons as they are manufactured to precision to be directly interchangeable. Do not waste your money on this as it is nonsense.

    CPU Compatibility Charts

    I sourced the information from MacRumors, so all credit goes to the community there and forum member ActionableMango for compiling this list. This list is truncated to the most important bits of information. Also, 4,1/5,1 Mac Pro 1x to 2x CPU upgrades require a CPU tray capable of housing two CPUs, which often cost as much as the computer itself.

    Mac Pro 2009 / 2010 / 2012 (4.1, 5.1)

    Mac Pros maximum RAM depends on the CPU configuration in a Mac Pro. Dual CPUs enable more than 2x the maximum RAM. Not all Xeons sold are dual CPU compatible; thus, they cannot be paired with another CPU. i7 CPUs cannot be paired together. The CPUs must be the same, and installing a single CPU causes an error state. Also, go to the original thread to read up on 4.1 Mac Pro dual CPU upgrades.

    • 56GB in a single-processor Mac Pro using a single-processor-compatible Xeon
    • 64GB in a single-processor Mac Pro using a dual-processor-compatible Xeon
    • 128GB in a dual-processor Mac Pro (although in certain circumstances, 160 GB of RAM works in 5.1s, RAM Upgrades section)

    ✔️* = Requires Mac Pro 4,1 -> 5,1 firmware upgrade. 4,1 dual CPU upgrades require the process of delidding the CPUs to deal with the height difference. 5,1 Mac Pros use regular CPUs. The process of delidding can be performed manually or bought pre-delidded. Most users elect to delid the CPUs themselves based on forums.

    🚫 = The X5687, despite being socket compatible, does not work with the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1. It's been confirmed by a bold Mac Rumors poster. There's some misinformation on a few other sites, like pindelski.org's guide (a dated early attempt at a comprehensive Mac Pro upgrade guide), so be careful. I'm not picking on Pindelski's guide, as it certainly contains mostly good advice, but the collective community knowledge has progressed quite a bit since then.

    *️⃣ = The iSeries CPUs cannot address ECC memory nor be used in dual CPUs. Multiple users have confirmed more 56 GBs of RAM with iSeries.

    Architecture Cores Grade CPU-Model GHz Turbo RAM Watt MP4,1 MP5,1
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5690 3.46 3.73 1333 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5680 3.33 3.60 1333 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5679 3.20 3.60 1066 115W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5675 3.06 3.46 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5670 2.93 3.33 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5660 2.80 3.20 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon X5650 2.66 3.06 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon E5659 2.53 2.80 1333 80W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon E5645 2.40 2.67 1333 80W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Dual Xeon L5639 2.13 2.67 1333 60W ✔️* ✔️
    Gulftown 6 core Xeon W3690 3.46 3.73 1333 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Xeon W3680 3.33 3.60 1333 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 6 core Xeon W3670 3.20 3.46 1066 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Gulftown 6 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 990X 3.46 3.73 1066 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Gulftown 6 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 980X 3.33 3.60 1066 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Gulftown 6 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 970 3.20 3.46 1066 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon X5687 3.60 3.86 1333 130W 🚫 🚫
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon X5677 3.46 3.73 1333 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon X5672 3.20 3.60 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon X5667 3.06 3.46 1333 95W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon X5647 2.93 3.20 1066 130W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon E5640 2.66 2.93 1066 80W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon E5630 2.53 2.80 1066 80W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 4 core Dual Xeon E5620 2.40 2.66 1066 80W ✔️* ✔️
    Westmere 2 core Dual Xeon X5698 4.40 4.54 1333 130W 🚫 🚫
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon W5590 3.33 3.60 1333 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon W5580 3.20 3.46 1333 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon X5570 2.93 3.33 1333 95W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon X5560 2.80 3.20 1333 95W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon X5550 2.66 3.06 1333 95W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon E5540 2.53 2.80 1066 80W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon E5530 2.40 2.66 1066 80W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Dual Xeon E5520 2.26 2.53 1066 80W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3580 3.33 3.60 1333 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3570 3.20 3.46 1333 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3565 3.20 3.46 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3540 2.93 3.20 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3530 2.80 3.06 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Xeon W3520 2.66 2.93 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 975 3.33 3.60 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 965 3.20 3.46 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 960 3.20 3.46 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 950 3.06 3.33 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 940 2.93 3.20 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 930 2.80 3.06 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️
    Nehalem 4 core Consumer *️⃣ i7 920 2.66 2.93 1066 130W ✔️ ✔️

    Mac Pro 2008 (3.1)

    The 2008 Mac Pros have the least CPU options, and with the base CPU configuration from Apple, the 2x quad-core 2.8 GHz Mac Pro makes for exceptionally modest gains in the benchmark department. Note, the Mac Pro 3,1s use Krotox as it's thermal grease/compound (the lubricant applied directly on the CPU between the heatsink.), a Perfluorinated compound (PFC) according to MacRumors posters, which is recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and EU as toxic to humans. Due to the health concerns, it's best not to reapply thermal grease on a Mac Pro 3,1 rather swap CPUs. It's recommended to let the Mac Pro 3,1 cool for at least an hour and the CPU thermal before changing the CPUs.

    Architecture Cores Grade CPU-Model GHz RAM Watt MP3,1
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5482 3.2 800 150W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5460 3.16 667 120W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5472 3.0 800 80W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5472 3.0 800 120W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5450 3.0 667 120W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5450 3.0 667 80W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5440 2.83 667 80W ✔️
    Harpertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5462 2.8 800 80W ✔️
    Wolfdale 2 core Dual Xeon X5272 3.40 800 80W ✔️
    Wolfdale 2 core Dual Xeon X5260 3.33 667 80W ✔️

    Mac Pro 2006-2007 (1,1, 2,1)

    The Mac Pro 1,1s with a firmware upgrade can use a wide array of CPUs, making it the second most upgradable in the series of Mac Pros. Note, a few of the Mac Pro 2,1s use Krotox as its thermal grease/compound (the lubricant applied directly on the CPU between the heatsink.), a Perfluorinated compound (PFC) according to MacRumors users (see the post for details on the 2,1 affected models) which is recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and EU as toxic to humans. Due to the health concerns, it's best not to reapply thermal grease on the affected Mac Pro 2,1 models rather swap CPUs. It's recommended to let the Mac Pro 3,1 cool for at least an hour and the CPU thermal before changing the CPUs.

    Architecture Cores Grade CPU-Model GHz RAM Watt Min
    Firm-
    ware
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5365 3.0 667 150W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5365 3.0 667 120W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5355 2.66 667 120W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5355 2.66 667 120W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon X5355 2.66 667 120W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5345 2.33 667 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5345 2.33 667 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5345 2.33 667 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5340 2.4 533 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5340 2.4 667 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon L5335 2.0 667 50W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon L5320 1.86 533 50W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon L5320 1.86 533 50W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon L5320 1.86 533 50W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5320 1.86 533 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5320 1.86 533 80W 2,1
    Clovertown 4 core Dual Xeon E5320 1.86 533 80W 2,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5160 3.0 667 80W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5160 3.0 667 80W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5160 3.0 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5150 2.66 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5150 2.66 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5150 2.66 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5130 2.0 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5130 2.0 667 65W 1,1
    Woodcrest 2 core Dual Xeon 5130 2.0 667 65W 1,1

    Check your Exact CPU Model

    You can check your CPU Model number using the terminal command:

    sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string

    Guides on Upgrading CPUs

    CPUs are (mostly) plug-and-play upgrades but require applying thermal paste (thermal grease) to the CPU for proper heat transfer from the CPU to the heatsinks. There are many tutorials on how to upgrade a CPU, including YouTube videos and pictorial guides. In the case of the Mac Pro 1,1 and Mac Pro 4.1, the firmware can be updated to include support for later-generation CPUs using the same socket type. See Firmware Upgrades for more details on Firmware upgrades. Lastly, the Mac Pro 4.1s uses delidded CPUs for dual-core models. See the Delidding CPUs section for more details.

    Delidding CPUs

    Delidding is the process of removing the integrated heat spreader (silver cover) on a CPU that serves as a heat spreader and replacing it with a different thermal material. This is required for CPUs in the Mac Pro 4.1s due to the heatsinks in the dual CPU models. There are multiple ways to do this. The steady-hands method is to use a razor to scrape it off the CPU (inexpensive), and the more expensive is to buy a Delid-Die-Mate (roughly $40 USD).

    The single CPU tray 4,1 uses a single CPU tray.

    Microarchitectural Data Sampling (MDS) vulnerabilities

    A vulnerability in Intel CPUs was discovered called MDS, which targets hyperthreading (the ability to address two instructions in a single CPU cycle under stress loads). It affects CPUs from 2008+. Intel issued a microcode fix for CPUs designed in 2013 and up, leaving out the classic Mac Pros. Apple has updated Safari to prevent drive-by Javascript attacks. Using general safe browsing habits makes it not very likely that this exploit will affect users despite very sensational headlines like Wired's Meltdown Redux: Intel flaw lets hackers siphon secrets from millions of PCs. The only way to ensure total safety is to disable Hyper-Threading (a significant performance hit), and Apple issued the article How to enable full mitigation for Microarchitectural Data Sampling (MDS) vulnerabilities.

    Benchmarking

    CPU benchmarks are useful but always a relativistic endeavor. Rather than discussing the pros and cons of types of benchmarks, the most popular theoretical benchmarking software, GeekBench 5, was released recently. Most users are used to seeing Geekbench 4 numbers, which are not comparable to GeekBench 5. Geekbench's scoring system has always been tied to other CPUs as its anchor for scoring. Users will notice dramatically smaller benchmark numbers in the latest Geekbench as the new reference point is the Intel Core i3 8100, which earns a score of 1000. This doesn't mean the Mac Pro is performing worse, but rather, the baseline has risen. GeekBench 5 removes individual memory tests (which isn't very indicative of the real world) but is entirely 64-bit only for bigger memory stress tests. The encryption and codec manipulation tests have also been updated to reflect current standards and new tests related to machine learning and map calculations. The full list of changes can be read here: GeekBench: Geekbench 5 is released with all-new tests, modes, and scores.



    GPU upgrades

    Radeon VII in Mac Pro 5,1

    Mac Pro 5,1 running a Radeon VII using a Pixlas Mod

    Thanks to PCIe, the Mac Pros have remained relevant as GPUs can be swapped out with ease. GPUs are probably the most annoying of the upgrades (due to the required research), yet one of the most commonly performed (and easy to do). There is no modern commercially available aftermarket GPU you can buy for macOS that supports an EFI boot screen (the preboot screen) and macOS Mojave 10.14 (and above). This could change, but it has not yet. When I originally wrote my first Mac Pro Upgrade guide over a decade ago, readers found it surprising that one could use off-the-shelf PC Nvidia / AMD cards. Today, this seems to be common knowledge.

    I made a GPU overview video as a primer to the GPU section.

    Annoyingly, Apple bundles its drivers with OS releases, and thus, GPU support is tied to OS upgrades. Thus, a modern GPU like the 5700 XT requires 10.15 Catalina and is not supported in 10.14 Mojave, nor probably never will be.

    Discussing GPUs is confusing for the Mac Pro, and I've attempted to make this as clear as possible. I highly recommend reading the next section, dividing up the GPU landscape.

    Dividing Up The GPU landscape

    GPUs are routinely one of the most common upgrades to Mac Pros. I've identified roughly three classes of GPUs. Thus, I've divided the bulk of the GPU Guide into discussions of GPUs based on the following distinctions.

    • OEM Mac EFI Bootable Cards / Aftermarket EFI Bootable: GPUs that are Mac Native - GPUs that out-of-the-box will display the Mac OS boot screen and do not require additional drivers if the minimum OS is met.
    • Flashable to Mac EFI compatible cards: These are graphics cards that shipped as a PC graphics card but require a ROM flash to display the EFI Boot screen. Some GPUs may not work without first installing the Mac-compatible ROM on them. Many of the Flashable cards had Mac versions in some form. One enterprising modder has created custom ROMs for flashed cards but charges a premium for his service. See Custom Flashed Cards sections for more details.
    • Non-EFI Bootscreen Cards: This is the most common upgrade path. They are GPUs that can be used in macOS but will not display the boot screen and may require (in the case of Nvidia) additional drivers to output video. With OpenCore installed (see the OpenCore section for details), a preboot screen can now be displayed with these cards.

    After that, we have two more sub-classes of GPU based on support for Metal, Apple's replacement for OpenGL, used in 10.14+

    • GPUs with Metal drivers for 10.14.x+
    • GPUs that do not support Metal

    We're not done yet. Finally, GPUs can require more power than the factory Mac Pro PCIe power taps. The Mac Pro's forward-thinking design tries to eliminate cable mess by taking the uncommon design of having passthrough PCIe power taps on the motherboard. These cables would be linked directly to the PSU on a standard PC. The Mac Pro's 980-watt PSU is up to the task of very large GPUs, but it requires bypassing the motherboard power taps. Clever hackers have created solutions like Mac Pro Pixlas Mod (also covered in the Other mods section of this guide) or using external PSUs. Users have successfully powered two GeForce 1080 TIs using the Pixlas mod and (possibly upgraded) internal PSU. GPUs that require additional power, for example, are the GeForce 1080 Ti, AMD Vega 64, AMD Vega FE, Radeon VII, and Radeon 5700 XT.

    • GPUs that do not require any additional power
    • GPUs that require additional power using a power supply modification like Pixlas or external PSU.

    To summarize, a GPU could be OEM EFI compatible (boot screen), flashable to EFI compatible, or not EFI compatible (no boot screen, but with OpenCore can still display a boot screen) but still work under Mac OS, and it may or may not be Mojave/Catalina compatible and may not require PSU modification. Apple implemented EFI, which does not ≠ UEFI the PC standard, as they embraced EFI early on before the UFI standard. This used an older standard for EFI-level graphics drivers called Universal Graphics Adapter Protocol (UGA). UEFI uses the Graphics Output Protocol (GOP). GPU manufacturers typically have not supported UGA, which is why PC GPUs do not support pre-OS boot graphics. OpenCore can load a non-native preboot screen as it packs in the GOP preboot drivers.

    Generally, anyone running a non-EFI-compatible boot screen will want to keep an EFI-compatible card around (even if not installed) for OS upgrades or emergencies. OS updates (including security updates) can stop aftermarket NVidia cards from displaying video until the proper drivers are installed. I've been in all camps: originally using a GeForce GTX 8800, flashing an ATI Radeon HD 6870 to Mac Native EFI, and then landing on the GeForce 760 and 1060, and finally an AMD Vega 56 over the decade-plus of owning a Mac Pro.

    A GPU may or may not support Metal, the new graphics API used in 10.14.x and above. The GPU also might draw more power than the motherboard passthrough can handle.

    Summary of the GPU options

    • Very few GPUs can be flashed to support Mac EFI to display options. Most options are very old.
    • Most aftermarket GPUs for the Mac Pro will not support the boot screen. This is due to Apple's implementation of EFI, which predated the later PC standard of UEFI. The boot screen is optional, and GPUs will work fine once the OS has loaded its display drivers. OpenCore now allows users to enable the boot screen.
    • Many GPUs (mostly NVidia GPUs and very old AMD GPUs) are not supported in 10.14 because of the transition to the new graphics API, Metal, which replaces the dated OpenGL.
    • Nvidia and Apple are feuding. There are no drivers for newer Nvidia hardware in 10.14 and above. Effectively, the upgrade options are limited to AMD.
    • Apple bundles its drivers with the OS. GPU support is tied to the OS version. The newest GPUs, like the 5700 XT, only are supported in 10.15 Catalina.
    • Very high-end GPUs like the Vega 64, Radeon VII, or Radeon 5700 XT draw more power than the Mac Pro can deliver via its PCIe power taps; thus, other methods must be used, like PSU modification or undervolting.

    OEM EFI Bootable Cards / Aftermarket EFI Bootable

    EFI compatible cards are GPUs that display a native Mac version: These are mostly OEM cards, although with a few notable aftermarket Mac Edition cards that included EFI Roms on the cards. The PC versions do not have EFI support. This list does not include MacVidCards GPUs, as those feature custom ROMs that aren't distributed.

    DL DIV - Dual-Link DVI
    SL DIV - Single-Link DVI
    DP - Display Port     * Pirated Mac Vid Cards ROM, see changelog for details

    NVidia
    NVIDIA GeForce 7300 GT 256 MB GDDR2, 32 Bit EFI 1 SL DVI 1 DL DVI
    NVIDIA GeForce GT 120 512 MB GDDR3, 1 Mini DP 1 DL DVI
    NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GT 512 MB GDDR3 2 DL DVI
    NVIDIA Quadro FX 4500 512 MB 32 Bit EFI 1 DL DVI 1 DP
    NVIDIA Quadro FX 4800 1.5 GB GDDR5 2 DL DVI
    NVIDIA Quadro 4000 2 GB GDDR5 1 DL DVI 1 DP
    NVIDIA Quadro FX 5600 1.5 GB GDDR3 2 DL DVI Stereo 3D
    EVGA GeForce GTX 680 2 GB GDDR5 1 HDMI 1 DP 1 DVI-I 1 DVI-D
    PNY NVIDIA Quadro K5000 4 GB GDDR5 2 DVI 2 DP
    NVIDIA Quadro K4200 (Mac Edition) 8 GB GDDR5 2 DVI 2 DP?
    NVIDIA Quadro K5200 (Mac Edition) 4 GB GDDR5 2 DVI 2 DP?
    NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 * 3 GB / 6 GB GDDR5 1 DL DVI, 1 HDMI, 1 DP
    NVIDIA GeForce GTX Titan * 6 GB GDDR5 1 DL DVI 1 HDMI 1 DP
    NVIDIA GeForce GTX Titan X * 12 GB GDDR5 1 DVI 1 HDMI 1 Triple DP

    ATI/AMD

    ATI was purchased by AMD in 2006, and in 2010 retired the ATI name.

    ATI Radeon HD 2600 XT 256 MB GDDR2 1 SL DVI 1 DL DV
    ATI Radeon X1900 XT 512 MB GDDR3 2 DL DVI
    ATI Radeon HD 4870 512 MB GDDR5 1 Mini DP 1 DL DVI
    ATI Radeon HD 5770 1 GB GDDR5 2 Mini DP 1 DL DVI
    ATI Radeon HD 5870 1 GB GDDR5 2 Mini DP 1 DL DVI
    AMD Firepro S10000 6 GB GDDR5 1 DP 1 DL DVI

    Flashable to EFI compatible cards

    The most commonly flashable video cards have a Mac equivalent sold by Apple as an OEM or aftermarket Mac version. Users transferred the GPU's ROMs and then distributed them via the internet. A user can then download utilities to flash the ROM onto the card. A few cards require physical modification. The advantage is that once the ROM is installed, the card will act/behave like a native card. Still, with a few cards, some functionality might be lost (generally losing a video port functionality as the Mac version did not have the same ports). Below are software-only flashable cards.

    Non-Mac-EFI Compatible GPUs

    The vast majority of the upgrade market is Non-Mac-EFI Compatible GPUs. These GPUs will work on a Mac but do not have the appropriate firmware to display the preboot screens on a Mac (video output that happens before Mac OS has loaded). Non-EFI Bootable Cards are firmly split between AMD and NVidia. Once the drivers are loaded (after the white Apple boot screen), the GPU will output video after loading the drivers during the boot process. Non-EFI Bootable Cards are firmly split between AMD and NVidia. Once the drivers are loaded (after the white Apple boot screen), the GPU will output video after loading the drivers during the boot process. See the Mini-Glossary for more info on EFI. However, adding an additional step in the boot process, using OpenCore (see OpenCore section for details), can deliver a boot screen.

    Modern AMD GPUs are plug-and-play. Apple distributes Mac OS with AMD drivers; thus, new drivers are released within OS updates. This means there are no drivers to install. The downside is that users cannot install new GPUs on old OSes. To use later GPUs, you must be running an OS new enough to include drivers for that specific GPU.

    Sadly, Apple does not support modern Nvidia GPUs in Mac OS. Apple includes support for older NVidia chipsets, as these GPUs are shipped once at a time in various Mac configurations. NVidia has chosen to write drivers (labeled "web drivers" as macOS is distributed with NVidia drivers for Mac EFI cards) for their video cards so that off-the-shelf cards can be used in Mac Pros. Previously, only GPUs based on the Kepler architecture could be used with a Mac without the web drivers. However, with a Mac-compatible EFI ROM, they can display video at boot and only output video once the driver has loaded. With the NVidia video cards, even security updates will require a web driver update, meaning if you update, the next boot will not output video until the driver has been updated. All the GTX 700-1000 series are supported by web drivers but are limited to 10.13.x. As NVidia has stated, Apple is refusing to sign its drivers. So far, 10.14+ does not have NVidia support (outside of the older Kepler NVidia GPUs up to macOS 11 Big Sur).

    Aftermarket GPU Breakdown

    The GPU landscape can be confusing. To recap, the above GPUs can be the following:

    • EFI Flashable to show pre-boot screens
    • Require additional drivers (NVidia-only)
    • May not be 10.14+ compatible due to a lack of Metal support (Apple's new API for graphics to replace OpenGL)
    • May require modifying the Power Supply using a technique like Pixlas mod to power the GPU properly

    Macs today can use off-the-shelf GPUs. I've attempted to list all the GPUs going back to 10.8.x, although this list is growing. Metal support is required for 10.14. A few select GPUs can be flashed to show preboot bios listed as Mac EFI compatible. Lastly, some GPUs require more power than the default Mac Pro power taps can provide, requiring an additional Power Supply or a modification known as the Pixlas mod. Please note that this entire list includes many GPUs, broken down into two main categories: AMD GPUs and NVidia GPUs.

    Note: I have excluded cards with custom EFI ROMs from MacVidCards as these aren't user-flashable.

    AMD GPUs

    Note: The minimum OS list required may not be correct. Please contact me if this is incorrect. Please read the supplemental links for confirmations and possible issues provided next to GPUs.

    AMD GPU Min OS Support Supports Metal Mac EFI flashable PSU Mod
    Radeon X1900 XT (Mac) 10.6 - 10.13.x No Yes* No
    Radeon 2600 XT (Mac) 10.6 - 10.13.x No Yes* No
    Radeon 2600 Pro (Mac) 10.6 - 10.13.x No Yes* No
    Radeon HD 3870 10.7 - 10.13.x No Yes No
    Radeon HD 4870 10.7 - 10.13.x No Yes* No
    Radeon HD 4890 10.7 - 10.13.x No Yes** No
    Radeon HD 5770 10.6.8 - 10.13.x No Yes*, ** No
    Radeon HD 5850 10.6.8 - 10.13.x No No No
    Radeon HD 5870 10.6.8 - 10.13.x No Yes* No
    Radeon HD 6850 10.7 - 10.13.x No Yes** No
    Radeon HD 6870 10.7 - 10.13.x No Yes** No
    Radeon HD 69x0 No Support No No No
    Radeon HD 7950 10.8.3 - Curr Yes Yes* No
    Radeon HD 7970 10.8.3 - 10.13.6 or Curr Yes Yes** No
    Radeon HD 7970 (GHz Edition) 10.8.3 - 10.13.6 or Curr Yes Yes** No
    Radeon HD 7990 Buggy No ? No
    R7 250 Requires hack ?? No No
    R7 260X Requires hack ?? No No
    R9 270 Requires Hack No No No
    R9 270X 10.8.3 - 10.13.6 1 No No No
    R9 280X 10.12 - Curr 1 Yes Yes** No
    R9 290X 10.10 - Curr Yes No No
    R9 380 Depends Yes Possible No
    R9 380x Depends Yes Possible No
    R9 390 Requires hack Yes No No
    R9 Nano 10.11 - Curr Yes No No
    R9 Fury 10.12 - Curr, 1 Yes No No
    R9 Fury X 10.12 - Curr ? Yes No No
    Radeon RX 450 10.12 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon RX 455 10.12 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Rx 460 10.12 - Curr 1 Yes No No
    Radeon RX 470 10.12.6 - Curr 1 Yes No No
    Radeon RX 480 10.12.6 - Curr 1 2 Yes No No
    Radeon RX 540 No No No No
    Radeon RX 540x No No No No
    Radeon RX 550 10.12.6 - Curr or None
    (Depends on card)1 (reddit), 2 3    		 Yes No No
    Radeon RX 550x No No No No
    Radeon RX 560 10.12.6 - Curr 1 Yes No No
    Radeon RX 560x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon RX 570 10.12.6 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon RX 570x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon RX 580 10.12.6 - Curr Yes No *** No
    Radeon RX 580x 10.12.6 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 2100 No No No No
    Radeon Pro WX 3100 No Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 4100 10.12- Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 4130 10.12 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 4150 10.12 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 4170 10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 5100 10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 7100 10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 8100 10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro WX 9100 10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon Pro Duo 32GB GDDR5 512-Bit
    too long for Mac Pro, requires removing PCIe fans     		10.13? - Curr Yes No No
    Vega 56 10.13.x - Curr Yes No No ****
    Vega 64 10.13.x - Curr Yes No Yes
    Vega Frontier Edition 10.13 - Curr Yes No Yes
    Radeon VII 10.14.5 - Curr Yes No Yes
    Radeon 5500 XT 10.15.2 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon 5600 XT 10.15.3 - Curr Yes No No
    Radeon 5700 10.15.2 - Curr Yes No ?
    Radeon 5700 XT 10.15.2 - Curr Yes No Yes
    Radeon 6600
    (Not supported without firmware)*🚫    		 12.1 - Curr Yes No ?
    Radeon 6600 XT
    (Not supported without firmware)*🚫    		 12.1 - Curr Yes Yes? ?
    Radeon 6700 XT None - No ?
    Radeon 6800 11.4 - Curr
    (Not supported without ROM flash)*🚫    		 Yes Yes? ?
    Radeon 6800 XT 11.4 - Curr
    (Not supported without ROM flash) *🚫    		 Yes Yes? ?
    Radeon 6900 XT 11.4 - Curr
    (Not supported without ROM flash)*🚫    		 Yes No ?
    Radeon 7900 XT/7900 XTX None - - ?

    * OEM/Retail ROMs are available for these cards

    ** Modified Netkas or Blacksheep ROMs are available for these cards

    *** Mac Pro 3.1s can display bootscreens with the RX 580. See the Mac Pro 3.1s and AMD GPUs section.

    **** The Vega 56 with the factory firmware does not require a Pixlas mod. However, firmware tuned for gaming or using the Vega 64 firmware does require a Pixlas Mod. See Vega 56 flashing section.

    *🚫 Currently, MacVidCards (EURO) is selling flashed 6600 XT / 6800 and they can be flashed (Without a native boot screen) using Sychretic's ROM

    Radeon R7 260 and R9 390 can be used in macOS but require Hackintosh libraries. I recommend looking at one of the many other options unless one is comfortable researching hackintosh forums and installing custom kexts and the possibility of the hardware not working.

    The Radeon Navi 21 GPUs (Radeon 6800 - 6900 XT) and the classic Mac Pros


    AMD's Navi 21 GPUs (the 6600, 6600 XT, 6800, 6800 XT, and 6900 XT) are officially supported in macOS 12.1+, but due to a firmware bug, it would interrupt the boot process in the classic Mac Pros. The original speculation was the ROM used AVX calls (see macrumors), but after a deeper look, it was due to poorly written code. After this discovery, MacVidCards (EURO) started selling flashed 6800, and they can be flashed (Without a native boot screen) using Sychretic's ROM.

    The requirements to flash a card are as follows:

    The process is straightforward: load the correct ROM to your card using the utility, but if you prefer a video how-to, see: Mac Sound Solutions inc: How to flash an RX6600XT RX6800XT RX6900XT for Mac Pro 5,1

    NVidia GPUs

    Note: The minimum OS list required may not be correct because of the lack of info in Web Drivers. Older OSes probably still require web drivers but in later OSes (10.13.x or higher), even for non-web driver Cards. Metal-compatible cards will not require web drivers in Mojave or Catalina. This section is very new (and, as far as I know, the first attempt that covers all categories), and there are MANY GPU variations. Please get in touch with me if I have listed something incorrectly. Be sure to search forums like MacRumors to confirm compatibility..

    For macOS Monterey, any Metal-compatible Nvidia GPU requires using OpenCore Legacy Patcher to inject drivers.

    ❓ = Several NVidia GPUs shipped different chipsets under the same name; this is important as Metal only supports Kepler chipsets, and these GPUs had both Femi/Kepler variants. I recommend avoiding these particular GPUs if you are looking for Metal (10.14.x) support.

    The RTX 2000 series is usable in Windows/Linux with hardware acceleration. The RTX 3000 series will not boot and thus cannot be used in an alternative OS. Multiple card variations have been confirmed as not working, such as the MacRumors thread and MacProUpgrade (Requires membership) groups.

    Please read the previous sections for explanations of boot screens, EFI, Metal, and power supply modifications.

    Nvidia GPU OS Support Requires Web Drivers Supports Metal Mac EFI flashable PSU Mod
    GT 610 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GT 620 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GT 630 10.9 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Depends Yes(HP) No
    GT 640 10.8 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Depends No No
    GTX 650 10.9 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Yes No No
    GTX 650 Ti 10.9 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Depends No No
    GTX 660 10.9 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Depends No No
    GTX 660 Ti 10.9 -10.13.6 or Curr No Depends No No
    GTX 670 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 670 Ti 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 680 10.8.3 - Curr No Yes Yes No
    GTX 690 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GT 710 10.8 - Curr No Yes No No
    GT 720 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GT 730 10.9 - 10.13.6 or Curr Depends ❓ Depends No No
    GT 740 10.9 - or Curr No Yes No No
    GT 750 10.9 - 10.13.6, or Curr Depends Depnds No No
    GT 750 Ti 10.10 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    GTX 760 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 770 10.9 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 780 10.9.2 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 780 Ti 10.9.2 - Curr No Yes No No
    GTX 950 10.10.5 - 10.13.6 Yes no No No
    GTX 960 10.10.5 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    GTX 970 10.9.5 - 10.13.6 Yes No No** No
    GTX 980 10.10.5 - 10.13.6 Yes No No** No
    GTX 980 Ti 10.10.5 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    GTX 1030 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No No
    GTX 1050 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No No
    GTX 1060 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No No
    GTX 1070 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No** No
    GTX 1070 Ti 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No No
    GTX 1080 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No Yes
    GTX 1080 Ti 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No Yes
    GTX 1080 Ti Founder's Edition (11 GB) 10.12 - 10.13.6 No No No Yes
    GTX Titan Black 10.10 - Curr No Yes No Yes
    GTX Titan X 10.10 - 10.13.6 No Yes No Yes
    Titan XP 10.10 - 10.13.6 Yes No No Yes
    RTX 20x0 series* None None No - -
    RTX 30x0 series** Will not boot None No - -
    RTX 40x0 series** Will not boot None No - -

    ** Dumped MacVidCards ROMs for these cards are floating around on the internet, making these particular cards flashable by users. Still, the modified ROMs only exist due to MVC putting in the effort to hack together Mac EFI-compatible ROMs. MVC has yet to give out its modified ROMs for free.

    **Thus far, community members have tested the 3060, 3070, and 3080, and the classic Mac Pros will fail even to initiate the boot sequence. They cannot even be used in Windows or Linux.

    *** The NVidia RTX series will output the EFI boot screen but do not have drivers.

    NVidia Professional GPUs

    The Quadro GPUs are widely supported by the Nvidia web drivers.

    Nvidia GPU OS Support Supports Metal Requires Web Drivers Mac EFI flashable PSU Mod
    Quadro P410 10.8 - 11.x no Yes No ?
    Quadro K600 10.8 - 11.x no Yes No ?
    Quadro K620 10.8 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro K1200 10.11 - 11.x No Yes No ?
    Quadro K2000 10.10 - 11.x No Yes No No
    Quadro K2000D 10.19 - Cu11.xrr No Yes No No
    Quadro K2200 10.10 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro K4000 10.10 - 11.x no Yes No No
    Quadro K4000D 10.10 - 11.x no Yes No No
    Quadro K4200 10.10 - 11.x no Yes No No
    Quadro K5000 10.10 - 11.x no Yes Yes No
    Quadro K5200 10.10 - 11.x no Yes No ?
    Quadro K6000 10.10 - 11.x no Yes No ?
    Quadro M2000 10.9 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro M4000 10.9 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro M5000 10.9 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro M6000 10.9 - 10.13.6 Yes No No ?
    Quadro M6200 10.9 - 10.13.6 Yes No No ?
    Quadro P620 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro P1000 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro P2000 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro P4000 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No No
    Quadro P5000 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No Yes
    Quadro P6000 10.11 - 10.13.6 Yes No No Yes
    RTX 20x0 series None None No - -
    RTX 30x0 series Will not boot any OS None No - -
    RTX 40x0 series Will not boot any OS None No - -

    This is an ongoing project, and information for older OSes is harder to source due to the lack of info in NVidia web driver documentation. Please let me know if any GPUs are incorrect or missing. You can reach me by going to my contact page.

    Unsupported by Metal GPUs

    The above list can be summarized by chipsets as Apple distributes its OSes with GPU drivers. The unsupported chipsets by NVidia and AMD are as follows:

    • NVidia Ampere Chipset (RTX 3060, RTX 3070, RTX 3080... etc.) These will not boot due to the firmware on the cards
    • NVidia Turning Chipset (RTX cards + Quadro RTX + GTX 1650, GTX 1660, RTX 2060, RTX 2070, RTX 2080... etc)
    • NVidia Pascal Chipset (GTX 10x0 series, Quadro P series, )
    • NVidia Maxwell Chipset (GTX 9x0 series, Quadro M series, Quadro K620, K1200 K220)
    • NVidia Femi Chipset (GeForce GT/GTX 4xx series, GeForce GT/GTX 5xx series)
    • NVidia Tesla Chipset (Nvidia GT120)
    • Pre AMD Radeons - ATI Radeon HD 2600 XT, 1900 XT, ATI Radeon HD 4870, 4890, 5770, 5850, 5870, 6850, 6870

    * Buying older NVidia GPUs can be confusing as there are variants that are unlabeled chipsets. The GT 610, GT 620, GT 640, GT 730, and GTX 750 have Kepler and Femi chipset variants. If you have a Kepler GPU, you can run Metal, such as Mojave, Catalin, and Big Sur. If you are looking for a very cheap GPU for Mojave or to upgrade your firmware, the GTX 650s can be found on the used market for $20-$35 USD. Mojave GPU Buyer's guide is mostly accurate but doesn't note that GTX 750 variants.

    *** The AMD RX 590 is an overclocked 580 with a larger fan. The larger fan tends to block the adjacent PCI slot, making it hard to recommend for its minimal performance gains.

    For the best info on recommended versions of AMD cards, visit AMD Polaris & Vega GPU macOS Support.

    Post Mojave updates have enabled hardware acceleration for video codecs on the RX580. You can read about it here and find full instructions to Activate AMD hardware acceleration. (Thanks for Martin LO. aka h9826790).

    MacRumors forum-goers report that the following Radeons are supported in 10.13.4

    AMD Vega loud idling

    Some of the Vega GPUs suffer loud idling speeds under older OSX/ Mac OS versions, although that may not resolve it. Many of the cards can be flashed to different bios. See the first post in the thread (down towards the bottom) MacRumors: AMD Polaris and Vega GPU macOS Support.

    The loud idling was solved in 10.14, thus making the firmware necessary for 10.13.x

    Vega 56 -> Vega 64 Firmware flash


    For a long time, the Vega 56s have been one of the best value GPUs for the Mac as they can grow with your setup. They can be flashed to use the Vega 64 firmware to increase performance. It isn't quite as fast as running a Vega 64, but it is close. That said, without a power supply modification, many users (self-included) experienced crashing when the GPU hit intensive loads and required reflashing it to Vega 56 Firmware. If you intend to mod your PSU, you can always flash a Vega 56 to a Vega 64 for a nice speed boost after you modify it.

    The BIOs for both Vega 56s and Vega 64s can be found at Tech Powerup.

    The AMD/ATI Flash utility can be found at TechPowerUp, as well. It requires Windows 10.

    AMD GPUs and Mac Pro 3.1s and below

    Several MacRumors forum members have found that Mac Pro 3.1s cannot use the AMD RX580 because drivers require SSE4.2 instruction set requirements for Mojave and above. However, and this is a big one, Netkas has been able to get the RX560 working in a Mac Pro 3.1 by adding inline emulation for the SSE4.2 instruction for the drivers. Any of the AMD Polaris cards are now compatible with Mac Pro 3,1. See the full list here. More recently, the 3.1s occupy an interesting niche. They can display a bootscreen without flashing. Both Catalina and Mojave are supported.

    NVidia GPU and Mac OS

    As previously mentioned, NVidia GPUs have been largely unsupported by Apple in macOS. The last chipset to appear in any OEM Mac configuration was from the Kepler era. Sadly, the RTX line of GPUs has never been supported in any shape or form in macOS, but the RTX 2000s can be used in Mac Pros in Windows 10.

    The state of NVidia drivers

    NVidia, for years, has written drivers for its unsupported GPUs for Mac OS called NVidia Web Drivers, as Apple does not bundle drivers for most NVidia chipsets with its OS. The only chipset that comes bundled with macOS is the Kepler chipset, as it is the last chipset Apple used in its computers. The Web Drivers allow previously unsupported GPUs to be used with OSX/MacOS.

    With the advent of 10.14 Mojave, OpenGL has been deprecated and replaced with Apple's Metal library for GPU acceleration, which dropped support for many GPUs. Apple published an official list but did not list all compatible GPUs for Mojave. Any non-Kepler NVidia GPUs do not work in Mojave and above. Due to a public spat, Apple is blocking NVidia from releasing drivers to support its GPUs in 10.14.

    Currently, NVidia blames Apple for not approving its drivers for Mojave.

    As an act of desperation, fans have created a petition for Apple to allow NVidia to release drivers for Mac OS 10.14 Mojave. Rumors have ranged between Volta support, eGPUs, and most recently Metal vs. CUDA.

    This is a shame as there is a massive performance gap of certain Adobe products on AMD hardware vs. NVidia hardware. Also, users are reporting that the RTX NVidia cards are displaying boot screens in macOS but do not have any mac drivers, meaning no hardware acceleration. The RTX has UGA to GOP firmware; thus, it is a happy accident.

    NVidia Webdriver Manual Installation

    The web drivers are vague and unclear. They do not list which cards are currently supported on its web pages. Secondly, you need to download the correct version of the drivers for whatever version of Mac OS you have.

    TonyMacX86 forums do an excellent job of directly linking to the NVidia installers for driver version number by OS version. Currently, 10.14.x (Mojave) is not supported. The NVidia RTX series is also currently unsupported.

    Note about SLI: Currently, there isn't any SLI support under macOS, and this seems unlikely to change. Windows, however, will support SLI in a Mac Pro.

    NVidia Driver Automatic Installation

    To avoid headaches of NVidia drivers, Benjamin Dobell wrote a CLI utility to install the appropriate Mac NVidia drivers for your system. He describes it as follows: "This script installs the best (not necessarily the latest) official NVidia web drivers for your system." Go to GitHub: NVidia Update.

    Useful Links

    Custom Flashed Cards: Depending on how much time you've spent researching upgrades, you may have read about the website/business, MacVidCards. MacVidCards sells custom-flashed EFI NVidia and AMD cards. Initially, when I wrote this section, I hesitated to link directly to their site as several FaceBook (requires membership to MacProUpgrade) / MacRumors posts have been lukewarm. I worried readers might think I was endorsing a service they may not like. The cards do work, but the turn-around times are long, and communication infrequent (although since writing that, MacVidcards now boasts improved communication and turn arounds). Is that true? I don't know, FaceBook (requires membership to MacProUpgrade) really runs the gamut. The prices are high, but they are legitimate, with many testimonials floating around message boards from longtime members that they do indeed work as promised. Just be prepared to wait for any issues to be sorted out in a time frame that may not be acceptable. MacVidCards claims to have written custom EFI ROMs for NVidia and AMD cards. Rather than explain how said hack was done (Unlike previous releases TonyMacX86 / MacRumors / Netkas), MacVidCards chooses to be a monopoly. (Note: Dave of MacVidCards notes he did contribute to previous AMD card hacks and did not get paid for his work on this). I'd rather not weigh too much on its ethics, but software developers deserve compensation, and depending on the actual work performed on the EFI ROM, it may very well be truly custom. As of writing this, they are the only game in town when it comes to making the custom GPU cards Mac EFI compatible.

    After seeing my guide (in a much earlier state) after reading the previous statement, Dave of MacVidCards reached out to me to correct errors found on this page. So, if nothing else, my experience with MacVidCards has been fair in my limited dealings with them, considering my hesitation in recommending them.

    The era of firmware flashing GPUs for Macs is at an end as the 2019 Mac Pro uses modified UEFIl; thus, now, off-the-shelf GPUs provide boot screens, and OpenCore provides a pre-boot screen for users who require one.

    Which card should I buy?

    There are several issues, as explained repeatedly, and they are as follows:

    1. Mac OS switched from OpenGL to Metal. This means a lot of older cards do not have drivers in 10.14+ Mojave and above.
    2. It's AMD or bust for aftermarket GPUs. Modern NVidia GPUs do not have Metal drivers, which are incompatible with Mojave/Catalina. Only the old Kepler chipsets are supported up to macOS 11 Big Sur. Monterey removes them.
    3. Very few aftermarket GPUs can output a boot screen. There are multiple ways to deal with this, from utilities to OpenCore.
    4. The highest-end GPUs (Vega 64, VII) require PSU modifications or undervolting to run.

    There isn't a "best card" for any computer, instead of how much money you're willing to spend and if the money could be better spent elsewhere. This is an arbitrary metric as even a 3,1 Mac Pro will see significant gains in GPU tasks, with AMD Radeon VII over lesser cards (for example, an AMD Radeon 580). Consider this: A Radeon VII sells for many times more than a Mac Pro 3,1 itself. Commonly, forums and groups will mention "pairs well" or "bottleneck" (see PCIe And You (PCIe overview) PCIe 2.0 vs. 3.0), but any high-end GPU will "pair well," the question is more about where a user can see more performance gains.

    • Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 users are limited to a maximum of running Mac OS 10.11.x, thus, do not have to worry about the lack of NVidia support in Mojave. 1,1/2,1 users should consider the GeForce 680 for EFI boot screen support or the GeForce 7xx or 9xx series. Notably, 64-bit EFI-supported cards will not display the boot screen.
    • Mac Pro 3,1 users tend to consider the AMD Radeon 580x a great choice. The AMD cards require a hack that can be enabled by special drivers that enable SSE 4.2 emulation. Also, for the Mac Pro 3.1s only, users have figured out a way to display the boot screen without flashing for the 580x. This only applies to the 3.1s. This isn't as important in the era of OpenCore, but it is worth mentioning.
    • Mac Pro 5,1 users looking for modern performance should consider the AMD 580x, Vega 56, Vega 64, Vega FE, VII (10.14.6), or 5700 XT (10.15+). The 580x is relatively inexpensive and does not require any modifications to power the GPU. In contrast, the top-tier Vegas is power-hungry but one of the most performant GPUs supported in Mojave. Users not caring about performance may want to consider the R9 280x, as it can be flashed to include EFI support. The performance king is the VII currently for both compute and gaming, although the 5700xt represents a great value for users looking to run Catalina 10.15 or above.

    Overwhelmingly, the most popular GPU for Mac Pros is the RX 580 due to its great price-to-performance and long support. However, for most users, I'd recommend looking at a Vega 56, as it's a completely different microarchitecture. It features the 14 nm Vega, much faster VRAM (HMB2 over GDDR5), and "Next Compute Unit," aka NCU, which all result in significant gains over the RX580 and do not require a PSU modification. The Vega line is well-suited for professional applications. Also, the Vega 56 can be flashed to the Vega 64 firmware, resulting in near Vega 64 performance. Using Vega 64 firmware will require a PSU mod.

    I want a GPU that has a boot screen and is Metal (Mojave 10.14+) compatible...

    I would recommend OpenCore, as any Metal-compatible GPU will output a basic boot screen or precede the boot screen entirely, as you can easily manage dual booting. If you are looking for a frictionless upgrade, you can buy GPUs from MacVidCards (they have RX 580s, Vega 56s, and 5700 XTs) or get one of the following:

    Again, you can buy any supported aftermarket GPU with OpenCore and get a boot screen using OpenCore. Read more about it in the OpenCore section.

    A MacProUpgrade (requires membership) member wrote a post "The Cheapest Metal Supported Card". I recommend reading it, but Doug's post for those bargain-hunting.

    Installing a GPU

    GPUs are straightforward to install except for two minor "gotcha"s: they use Mini PCIe power adapters on the motherboard and, for exceptionally power-hungry 250+ watt GPUs (GeForce 1080 Ti, Radeon Vega FE, etc.), require modification to power the cards. See the Mac Pro Pixlas PSU Mod or External Power Supplies sections of this guide for more information. Some readers have reported they are able to run high-power requirement GPUs off their internal power supply.

    As mentioned above, the Mac Pro has two 6-pin mini-PCIe power ports, which require mini-PCIe to PCIe power cables. For reference, here are examples of a mini PCIe 6-pin to PCIe Power cable and a mini PCIe 6-pin to PCIe 8-pin cable. These are likely required to power your GPU. For example, a GPU that has a 6-pin power port and an 8-pin power port would require one of each cable.

    I wrote two guides blog.greggant.com: Installing GeForce GTX 760/770/780 on a Mac Pro 3.1, and blog.greggant.com: Installing GeForce GTX 1060/1070/1080 on a Mac Pro 5.1, which both detail the installation process.

    I tested a GeForce 760 Hackintosh vs. my Mac Pro outlined the installation process 2008 Mac Pro Full Instructions and benchmarks here. Upon purchasing a GeForce 1060, I wrote a follow-up how to install a GeForce 1060 into a Mac Pro 5.1.

    For users looking for a tutorial, Every Mac has a video guide on how to install PCIe cards.

    Installing a 2.5x height GPU (such as a Radeon 590x)

    An enterprising MacRumors poster figured out a way to use a taller-than-normal-GPU in his Mac Pro. The secret is simply getting a single card slot mount and, replacing the dual height on the card, and using the fourth slot. It's not perfect, as it blocks off SATA ports.

    HDMI (and Display Port) Audio

    Many modern graphics cards have HDMI and are thus capable of outputting audio. There's a very long thread of intrepid hackers at Mac Rumors.

    In modern Mac OS, HDMI should appear as an audio output as well as Display Port. However, if it does not, fear not. There are guides for older OSes.

    Mixing and Matching GPUs

    It's not uncommon for Mac Pro users to keep a secondary GPU installed for EFI boot screen access. Generally, it is okay to mix web driver NVidia GPUs with an old ATI/AMD GPU. If you use a modern AMD GPU with, for example, a GT 120, you may experience erratic behavior in certain applications like Photoshop and Firefox. For whatever reason, these (and various) applications prefer the GT 120 over the AMD GPU and thus perform poorly. When using a modern AMD GPU, you should remove the old GPU depending on if you experience slow performance or bizarre behavior in certain applications. This is a case-by-case issue and may or may not be an issue for various users.

    The Most Powerful / Fastest GPU

    The Mac Pros with PCIe 2.0 are not "speed capped", see the PCIe 2.0 vs. 3.0 vs. 4.0, and its impact on GPU performance and bottlenecking section for more details as GPUs currently do not require the bandwidth that even PCIe 3.0 offers.

    This seems to be a burning question that comes a lot in Mac Pro communities, and it can be answered very easily with the flashable 6900 XT. Previously, before the hacked ROM to enable Navi 21 GPUs, by the benchmarks, the Radeon VII was hands down the most powerful consumer GPU available for macOS. The best place to check GPU performance for macOS is the Geekbench Metal Benchmarks, which is far from perfect.

    The Radeon VII was especially a curiosity as it was a rebranded AMD Radeon Instinct with a minor speed cap on its FP64 performance, as it consisted of cards that failed to make the Instinct cut during testing. It's best to think of the Radeon VII as a compute GPU that plays games well and was manufactured as a stop-gap so AMD could recoup some losses on the Instinct line before its next chipset arrived. Thus, it occupies a strange space in the GPU market, only existing for about nine months and expensive on the used market as Mac Pro 2019 owners discovered it's about as fast as the 4x as expensive Radeon Pro Vega II MPX Module. AnandTech's comparison to the Instinct line shows why the VII was a curious card, existing as a power-hungry. It handily bests the 5700 XT in compute benchmarks (used for non-gaming, video editing, etc.) scores and is fractionally faster in 3D than the 5700 XT in some applications. It bests the 1080 Ti in everything sans CUDA, even though the support for the Nvidia card ends at 10.13, and the Radeon VII starts at 10.14. The Radeon VII ties with the M1 Ultra's GPU in Metal benchmarks.

    The Navi 21 GPUs finally oust the Radeon VII as the 6900 XT tends to be roughly 75% faster overall vs the Radeon VII, and the 6800 XT is roughly 50% faster. This is supremely welcome news as so few Radeon VIIs were produced and became particularly sought after by crypto miners. For a large duration of the GPU shortage, the 6900 XT generally sold for less than the Radeon VII thanks to it using HDBM2 instead of GDDR6 memory.

    The 6600 XT opens up the possibility of reasonably priced GPU performance with the classic Mac Pros as its performance is comparable to the Radeon VII in Metal benchmarks.

    Previously, this section contained a line-by-line breakdown of the fastest cards, but with the newly supported-by-flashing 6900 XT, 6800 XT, and 6800, these are the fastest cards. Previously the Radeon VII and 5700 XT were the two fastest GPUs.

    As GPU prices come back down to earth, price conscience shoppers should look for the 5700 XT (supported in Catalina), the Vega 56 or 64 (supported in Mojave) and, of course, the RX 580.

    I recommend the article, Barefeats: Benchmarking AMD Radeon VII Gaming GPU with Mojave 10.14.5, as it shows the VII running in different hardware configs against the Vega 64, RX 580, D700s, and RX 560. Also, the 2010 Mac Pro tower with AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT GPU running under macOS 10.15.1 Catalina shows the Radeon VII vs. the 5700 Xt, GeekBench 5 Metal Benchmarks Pugetsystems: DaVinci Resolve GPU Roundup shows the 5700 XT, Vega 64, and VII on Windows.

    I'd recommend checking out Mac Sound Solutions inc.: Mac Pro 5,1 with RX6800XT Benchmarks & Gaming Final cMP Upgrade!.



    I/O Upgrades

    USB 3.0 Card

    The I/O (Input/Output) is a catch-all umbrella term I'm using for anything that doesn't fall under GPU, SSD interfaces, Wireless or audio PCIe cards such as networking and peripherals interfaces (USB/Firewire/SATA). This isn't a complete list of all possible I/O cards but rather a list of common ones.

    The Mac Pros can support many more cards than listed here. NewerTech and Sonnet are reliable. Not all cards are equal. Some are more performant, such as USB 3.0/3.1, offering full-duplex per port instead of shared bandwidth. Also, some non-listed cards have issues. I had an off-brand Inateck PCI-E to USB 3.0, which worked but also caused a reboot loop when trying to shut down. The only way to turn off my Mac Pro was to hold down the power key forcibly. I personally use a SYBA SY-PEX40039 SATA card as my bootable SSD for my Samsung Evo. I've elected not to include USB 2.0 only or Gigabit Ethernet-only or SATA II-only cards as all are found natively on all versions of the classic Mac Pros.

    Note: This is not to be taken as a complete list, but rather a list of known working cards that users have confirmed. If you know of a card that's supported by macOS, please reach out to me.

    USB 3.0*see notes

    • Sonnet Allegro USB 3.0 / Sonnet Allegro Pro
    • Inateck KT4004
    • RocketU 1144D / HighPoint RocketU 1144C
    • HighPoint RocketU 1144E
    • CalDigit FASTA-6GU3 Pro (Discontinued)
    • HighPoint RocketU 1144CM -
    • Inateck PCI-E to USB 3.0 - (Caused Reboot loop in 2008 Mac Pro)
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo Duo PCIe (2x eSATA / 2x USB 3.0) - (discontinued)
    • Newer Technology MAXPower 2 port eSATA 6/GBs & 2 Port USB 3.0

    USB 3.1 / USB 3.2 Gen 1 / Gen 2*see notes

    The USB 3.x standard has had a few rebrandings, and the language on devices can often be confusing, as due to the recent rebranding, some devices might be labeled as "USB 3.0" or "USB 3.1 Gen 1" or "USB 3.2 Gen 1" which is entirely the same. Below is a small chart of names for each tier of USB.

    Original Name 2013 Rebrand 2019 Rebrand Bandwidth
    USB 3.0 USB 3.1 Gen 1 USB 3.2 Gen 1 5 Gbps (625 MB/s)
    USB 3.1 USB 3.1 Gen 2 USB 3.2 Gen 2 10 Gbps (1250 MB/s)
    USB 3.2 - USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 20 Gbps (2500 MB/s)

    If the above is confusing, I do not blame you as I find it too.

    USB Cards and Performance

    USB 3.x cards are one of the most common upgrades for a Mac Pro, but it is important to understand that there is a great deal of performance difference between cheap USB cards vs. high-end ones (such as Sonnet's Allegro Pro), and this comes down to three factors: How many controllers per port, USB generation and how much bandwidth.

    Generally, inexpensive USB cards will feature one controller and 4-ports and be listed as USB 3.0 or USB 3.2 Gen 1. This means 625 MB/s is divided roughly 4 by 4 (although not exactly). A user should expect to see only roughly 150-250 MB/s on a singular port regardless of whether anything else is plugged into a card.

    A USB 3.2 Gen 2 or USB 3.1 card with four ports and two controllers will likely see 625-800 MB/s per port.

    The classic Mac Pros Perform well with USB 3.2 Gen 2. The above video provides benchmarks of the Mac Pro 5,1 vs. a Macbook Pro 2017 and a MacBook Pro M1.

    Any card using the ASMedia ASM3142 should be macOS 10.11.x+ compatible as this controller is supported by macOS as long as it doesn't require external power. One of the most popular ASM3142 import cards (often a black PCIe card with names like Tuneway Usb3.1 Type-C, WEI-LUONG USB 3.1 to Type-C, YISUNF USB 3.1 to Type-C 2 Port, Camisin USB 3.1 to Type-C 2) is not macOS compatible due to the power requirements.

    • MAXPower 4-Port USB 3.1 Gen 1
    • Sonnet Technologies Allegro USB-C
    • StarTech 4-Port USB 3.1 (10Gbps) Card PEXUSB314A2V
    • CalDigit FASTA-6GU3 Plus (USB 3.1 / 2x eSATA)
    • Sonnet Technologies Allegro™ Pro USB 3.1 PCIe
    • Sonnet Technologies Allegro USB-C 4-Port PCIe
    • Rosewill RC-20002 USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-C, 2 x USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-A ports
    • FebSmart 1X USB-A & 1X USB-C 10Gbps Ports PCIE USB 3.1 Gen 2 Card
    • FebSmart 2X 10Gbps USB-C Ports PCIE USB 3.1 Gen 2
    • FebSmart USB 3.1 Gen 2 2X 10Gbps USB-A
    • FebSmart 2X USB-C & 3X USB-A 10Gbps Ports PCIE USB 3.2 Gen 2 Card
    • FebSmart 5X 10Gbps USB-A Ports PCIE USB 3.2 Gen 2
    • BEYIMEI PCI-E 4X to USB 3.1 Gen 2
    • LTERIVER PCI Express to 2 USB 3.1 Gen2 Type A 10Gbps Ports Expansion Card
    • LTERIVER PCI Express to 2X USB 3.1 Gen2 Type C 10Gbps
    • Ableconn PEX-UB158 USB 3.1 5-Port PCIe 3.0 Card (1x USB-C & 2X USB-A & 1x 2-Port Internal USB Header
    • Aukey B01AAETL6Y USBc 2-Port (no longer manufactured, review)

    SATA/eSATA*see notes

    Note: Not all SATA cards are bootable on OS X. Currently, the list is expanding. Non-bootable cards will be listed as such. Known bootable cards will be listed as such. If no notes appear, I haven't researched this yet.

    • NewerTech MAXPower PCIe eSATA 6G Controller - Bootable
    • MAXPower 4-port eSATA 6G PCIe 2.0 - (bootable)
    • MAXPowereSATA 6G PCIe 2.0 RAID 0/1/5/10
    • MAXPower RAID mini-SAS 6G-2e2i
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SATA Pro - Bootable
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SATA E2P
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SATA 6Gb/s PCIe 2.0 - (discontinued)
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SATA Pro 6Gb PCIe 2.0 - (discontinued)
    • SYBA SY-PEX40039 SATA III
    • HighPoint Rocket 620 2 SATA
    • ORICO PFU3-4P 3 Port
    • ATTO ExpressSAS H680 Low-Profile x8-External Port
    • ATTO ExpressSAS H644 Low-Profile 4-Internal/4-External Port
    • ATTO ExpressSAS H6F0 16-External

    Firewire*see notes

    • Sonnet Technologies Tango Express Combo FireWire 400/USB 2.0 Card
    • Sonnet Technologies Allegro FireWire 800 PCIe
    • Sonnet Technologies Allegro FW400 PCIe - (discontinued)

    Ethernet (10 Gigabit)*see notes

    Useful Links



    Thunderbolt?

    Thunderbolt 3 is possible on the classic Mac Pros, but with caveats:

    1. * Currently the only card that works Gigabyte GC-TITAN RIDGE, although reports have shown that the ASUS Expansion Card for Z170 & X99 Motherboards ThunderboltEX 3 card can produce video passthrough but will stop if the computer is put to sleep.
    2. * Initializing the card requires custom firmware (and physically modifying the card) or Windows 10 to warm boot to Mac OS. This means installing the custom TitanRidge Firmware via Windows 10 or simply booting Windows and then rebooting.
    3. * Sleeping can pose problems. For example, the Thunderbolt Display will not wake if the Mac Pro is put to sleep when it is connected to a Thunderbolt Port. (This may be fixed by modification of the physical card)
    4. * Thunderbolt Devices are not hot-swappable without OpenCore and physically modified cards. USB 2.0 is not supported... yet.
    5. * There is a Facebook Group for those dedicated to using custom firmware
    6. * I recommend checking out Mac Sound Solutions's YouTube video: Mac Pro 5,1 Thunderbolt 3 0 Titan Ridge pros and cons for an overview of what the install process and usage looks like.

    A brief history of Thunderbolt on the Mac Pros

    PCIe Thunderbolt cards were exclusively for PCs with compatible motherboards with specialized chipsets, generally requiring a passthrough jumper connection. The original speculation started at eGPU.io.

    Shortly after, MacRumors Forum members started testing the Gigabyte GC-TITAN RIDGE and getting promising results. Afterward, a member of Mac Pro Upgrade and MacRumors posted a screenshot of ThunderBolt working on a cMac Pro using a digital audio interface and posted two YouTube videos Part 1 and Part 2, demoing his setup using Windows 10. Months passed, as users toyed with boot methods and firmware versions until unexpectedly, on hackintosh-forum.de (German Hackintosh forum), a user claimed success on a modified firmware with some info on the vector. Later, the moderator, DMS2, posted custom firmware on MacRumors despite some members being somewhat less-that-polite. Since then, the community has moved to using OpenCore to unlock more functionality like hot-swapping and Thunderbolt displays, this guide (posted by a GitHub user) is an excellent resource.

    Using a TB3 Card

    The following is not a guide but a quick overview as I do not own a Thunderbolt 3. The only way to use an unmodified Thunderbolt 3 card is to cold-boot to Windows 10. This will initialize the Thunderbolt 3 card with the proper drivers installed. Once Windows 10 is launched, the user can reboot to Mac OS, where the Thunderbolt 3 card will remain initialized. If you shut down/reboot your computer, you must repeat the process. Also, most Thunderbolt 3 devices work, but not all. The most commonly tested Thunderbolt 3 devices are audio interfaces.

    Custom Firmware now exists and is available for download at MacRumors and requires modifying the card. A user created a pictorial guide. This eliminates the need for the warm boot method but does not solve any of the other issues pertaining to sleep (Hot swapping requires particular pin connections). Using OpenCore, devices can become hot-swappable, and the Titan Ridge can support Thunderbolt Displays.

    Thunderbolt support is currently a moving target. As notable progress unfolds, this section will be updated to reflect it. For now, it's best to see the action on MacProUpgrade and MacRumors' forums on threads like testing TB3 AIC with MP 5,1 and Mac 5,1 Titan Ridge TB3 Custom Firmware Facebook group for the latest and best info.

    I'm always open to corrections to this section (or anywhere in this guide). I've received a few emails requesting more information about Thunderbolt 3 on Mac Pros. Please understand that before contacting me, I did not have a Thunderbolt 3 card. I probably cannot answer any questions, and thus all I know is documented here.



    Storage Upgrades


    Like many data interfaces, SATA (aka Serial ATA) has gone through multiple iterations: SATA1 (max transfer speed of 150 MB/s), SATA2 (max transfer speed of 300 MB/s), and finally, its last incarnation, SATA3 (max transfer speed of 600 MB/s). The classic Mac Pros all carry onboard SATA 2, and (the cMP 1,1, and 3,1 also have older/slower ATA in the optical bay), which has a limit of 300 MB/s. The Mac Pro will accept any standard SATA HDD, 5.25-inch in the optical bay*, 3.5-inch in the four drive bays (or in optical bays with brackets), or 2.5-inch (with 3.5-inch mounting brackets or 5.25-inch brackets in the optical bays). The SATA standard is limited to 144 PB (petabytes), and the maximum volume size macOS supports with HFS+/APFS is 8 exabytes. (For the record, 1 Exobyte = 1000 Petabytes, 1 Petabyte = 1000 Terabytes). Needless to say, Hard Drives and SSDs are well below these caps. All SATA drives are compatible with Mac OS with the caveat that NTFS (Windows) is not writable by macOS without 3rd party utilities.

    During the transition from OS X -> Mac OS (macOS), Apple replaced its default file system, HFS+, with APFS in Mac OS 10.13 to address. HFS+ is still supported in 10.13+, and it is unlikely to be removed soon.

    * The Mac Pro 1,1 - 3,1 have two hidden unused SATA ports that can be run to the optical drive bays. The Mac Pro 1,1s - 3,1s also carry the ATA-6 (100 MB/s) standard that predates Serial ATA, which uses the larger ribbon connectors for its two optical drives. The design between the SATA ports also allows users to upgrade the ports using a PCIe controller.

    See the 3D Printed Replacement Hard Drive Trays / 2.5-inch Adapters for replacement hard drive sled mounts and adapters for 2.5-inch drives.

    SSDs come in multiple flavors: SATA, AHCI, and NVMe. The Mac Pro's SATA2's 300 MB/s is limiting for SATA SSDs. SATA SSDs can come very close to the theoretical maximum of SATA3's 600 MB/s when performing certain read/write activities. NVMe (today's fastest SSDs) can hit roughly triple the speed of a SATA SSD in certain read/write tasks. The Mac Pros can use SATA SSDs without any special modifications, with the caveat that read/write speeds are significantly lower than their potential max speeds.

    SATA2 still hasn't yet been fully saturated even by performant 3.5 spinning disk drives. Even the fastest current-gen 3.5 drives, such as the Western Digital Black drives, are well below SATA2. Thus, the four internal bays are still useful for hard disk drives and workable for SATA SSDs. For those looking to sacrifice optical bays, OWC made a series of multi-mounts to go inside the dual 5.25 drive bays for 3.5 and 2.5-inch drives. SATA HDDs are still the best value price-per-gigabyte, thus useful archiving/large media/backup.

    Time Machine

    New Mac users may not be aware, but built into macOS is a mighty backup utility that not only keeps a backup of your entire boot drive (and any selected external drives), but it also can undeleted files and resurrects old versions of files in addition to being able to restore your entire computer. For my fellow developers, it's essentially version control (like Git) but for your entire computer. I highly encourage all users to use Time Machine. Unless you do not care about the data on your Mac Pro, Time Machine is the single best upgrade you can add to your Mac. Simply put, if you value any data on your computer, it is the best investment in this upgrade guide I can recommend.

    Strictly speaking, from a data backup strategy, Time Machine is one of the best backup methods due to the data parity and ability to restore from previous backups, making it far more effective than RAID or cloning an HDD. You can attach multiple HDDs for multiple Time Machine drives. Each drive is a separate backup with file histories, whereas RAID1 requires double the drives and only works for mechanical failures, not data loss. Cloning loses parity when new files are added/modified/deleted and is not performed hourly. This isn't to say RAID arrays or clones of HDDs do not provide value, but RAID is not a backup strategy, and drive clones are frozen states but bootable, whereas Time Machine must be restored.

    I've written a mini-guide, Making the most out of Time Machine. It covers recommended ignore paths, how to use Networked Drives, how to change the update intervals, and so forth.

    Hard Disk Drives

    Mechanical hard drives still have a place in the SSD world thanks to their price-per-gigabyte. The Mac Pro can use any SATA Hard disk drive, including 2.5-inch drives with 2.5-inch to 3.5-inch mounting brackets for the four drive bays. This also extends to eSATA, although an eSATA PCIe card must be present to use eSATA drives.

    Not all HDDs are equal, and more goes into HDDs than cache sizes and RPMs. Many of the inexpensive HDDs use Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR), which lowers the cost per gigabyte by allowing more data on a platter but with a performance penalty. It's important to do research, depending on the application.

    Any external HDD should be presumed to be compatible with Mac OS (outside of extreme edge cases), although, without USB 3.0 or 3.1c cards, the performance of newer USB 3.0+ HDDs will be capped when plugged into a USB 2.0 port.

    Soft RAID and post 10.13

    RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) comes in management styles, hardware controllers that handle the RAID volume's setup, and presents the RAID cluster as a single volume to the OS and RAID that relies on OS drivers to manage the RAID cluster. For years, macOS has supported soft raid for those looking to make use of multi-volume drives, supporting both RAID 0 (striping, no data mirror) and RAID 1 (Data mirroring, no parity/striping). The axiom goes, RAID 0 means you'll get zero files back if a drive fails in a RAID 0 cluster. Mac OS also supports RAID 1 + 0 (often incorrectly referred to as RAID10), allowing for the benefit of mirroring the parity/striping drives. RAID 1+0 requires a minimum of 4 drives at the cost of 1/2 the storage of the array.

    However, with the switch to APFS, Apple no longer supports APFS for soft RAID for bootable volumes. Hardware RAID is still supported with APFS as the OS is unaware of the RAID Cluster, NVMe cards like the Western Digital Black AIC will work under macOS despite being a raid array thanks to the hardware controller.

    Making APFS bootable requires first having a bootable drive, then creating an APFS RAID array, and then cloning the boot drive to the RAID array. Any updates to the OS will require first updating the boot drive and then copying over to the RAID array, as you cannot update the RAID volume's OS. This is usually done using Carbon Copy Cloner but means users will spend a non-trivial amount syncing amount of syncing data as the usual update flow is: sync APFS RAID to single drive APFS, then boot single drive APFS, update, then sync to APFS RAID array, finally booting back to the APFS RAID array.

    Generally, many users opt to boot off a single SSD and use RAID as a storage/scratch disk.

    HDD RAID still has its place for a subset of users, but increasingly, the prospect of even cheap SSDs having much quicker random access and much faster read/write times has led to less support. That said, it is possible to create SSD Raid arrays for even greater performance.

    PCIe SATA + SSD Sleds

    Historically, the most popular upgrades are PCIe sleds for SATA SSDs, which often feature two trays for RAID0 configurations on the PCIe board, bringing up the speeds to the 1 GB/s range. These are essentially SATA 3 cards with two mounting ports for 2.5-inch SSDs, making them more convenient than a regular SATA 3 card. That said, users can still use PCIe SATA 3 cards + SATA SSD drives.

    The 1,1, 2,1, and 3,1 Mac Pros also have two extra SATA ports hidden on the motherboards, which can be routed up to the optical bay for modders looking for more SATA storage or replace optical bays with SATA variants; see Accessing SATA Ports section. 4,1/5,1 Mac Pros removed ATA and thus have SATA accessible. Newer Technology made an eSATA Extender Cable Adapter specifically for users looking to make eSATA ports out of the hidden ports but blocking off a PCIe port in the process.

    Both OWC and Newer Technology make 2.5 -> 3.5 sleds for the drive bays found in Mac Pros. I can attest for two years of not using a sled that they are optional if you rarely move your Mac Pro as 2.5-inch SSDs are extremely light and will stay suspended in place when plugged in.

    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SSD (2x 2.5 SSD) - bootable
    • OWC Accelsior series - bootable
    • OWC Accelsior S: PCIe to 2.5" 6Gb/s SATA SSD Host Adapter - bootable
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SSD 6Gb/s SATA PCIe 2.5" SSD Host Adapter
    • Sonnet Technologies Tempo SSD Pro Plus 6Gb/s eSATA / SATA PCIe 2.5" SSD Host Adapter

    Useful Links

    The M.2 format and host PCIe cards
    One half of the NVMe puzzle


    M.2 (also known as NGFF, Next Generation Form Factor) is the latest common format for high-speed SSDs. M.2 is the interconnect, and modern motherboards often have M.2 card slots built-in, especially in the laptop market.

    M.2 has two main variants, AHCI and NVMe, which are discussed in the AHCI SSD and NVMe SSD sections.

    Note: Apple is the aberration as the Mac Pro 2013s, 2015s, iMac Pro, and Mac Pro 2013 and 2019 use non-standard slots for NVMe Apple's semi-proprietary NGFF variant, which doesn't have an official name. Fortunately, classic Mac Pro users needn't worry about Apple's annoying proprietary format. Also, for owners of computers using Apple's proprietary format, plenty of adapters exist to convert M.2 to Apple's format.

    Using M.2 SSDs requires a host PCIe card, as the Mac Pro does have M.2 slots. The Mac Pro, being older, doesn't quite have the options that the PC field has for host card options because it does not support bifurcation, the ability to split high-speed PCIe port into two lower speed ports (see the PCIe and You portion of this guide for more info). Instead, the classic Mac Pros must use cards with controller chipsets specifically for computers that do not support bifurcation, hence making them more expensive. Also, it is important to note that some M.2 cards' physical sizes can pose problems for certain host cards, so go to the MacRumors thread for more info.

    The Mac Pro also uses PCIe 2.0, in which cheap host controllers do not support additional lane switches. Many NVMe drives can perform beyond a 4x PCIe slot, reducing the peak read/write speeds. The more expensive cards have controller chipsets, mostly the ASMedia ASM2824 and PLX8747, which have a switch for PCIe 2.0 to use more than four lanes. This requires putting the card in one of the two 16x slots on the Mac Pro to obtain faster speeds. It will benefit both single drives and multi-drive setups. The daring can search for cards that use the ASM2824 or generic PLX8747, which are usually macOS compatible. Notably, 8x PCIe cards are capped at sub 4 GB/s (real-world at about 3 GB/s), whereas 16x cards can run at sub 8 GB/s (real-world 6 GB/s). Lastly, these chipsets can run warm, so it's recommended to get cards with heat sinks, although less important for the SSDs themselves. All cards support both AHCI and NVMe unless listed otherwise. The Apple proprietary SSDs can be used in a host adapter with the Sintech NGFF M.2 adapter.

    Credit goes to MisterAndrew for doing the original compiling of this list here.

    The ASM2824 chipset is currently the most popular NVMe chipset for multiple NVMe drives as it is less expensive and able to achieve faster speed caps in single-drive performance. However, the PLX8747 is the performance crown used in the Sonnet and Highpoint 16x cards.

    The ASM2812 chipset can address multiple NVMe drives but will be performance capped at 4x, thus 1500 MB/s, unlike the ASM2824. This card is more useful for Mac Pro 2019s as the performance hit is much less. These are generally the least expensive multi-drive cards.

    Most generic single drive M.2 hosts will work with the Mac Pro and will be capped at 1500 MB/s. Due to the sheer number of options and white-label importers, a dirt-cheap host will likely work. My only recommendation is just to make sure the retailer has a nice return policy.

    Multi-drive cards with a single drive can sometimes have issues. I, for instance, had no issues with the Ableconn card running a single drive with 10.14 off an HP EX950, but readers have reported this wasn't the case for them until they installed a second card. Thus far, I'm unaware of the variables that affect bootability. I highly recommend checking Macrumors or other communities.

    Model NVMe M.2 slots Max Speed in Tests
    Kingston HyperX Predator (AHCI only) 1 1200 MB/s 4x PCIe
    NGFF M key M.2
    This is a generic card with multiple variants by various importers     		1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    Lycom DT-120 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    ULANSEN M.2 to PCIe 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    Angelbirds Wings PX1 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    Aqua Computer kryoM.2 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    Aqua Computer kryoM.2 Evo 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    Wolftech pulsecard 1 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe
    RIITOP M.2 NVMe/DIEWU TXB122
    (This particular card has multiple variants by various importers)    		 2 1500 MB/s 4x PCIe - uses ASM2812 thus limited to 4x speeds per drive. Facebook: MacProUpgrade thread, see Petri's comment, available on Aliexpress
    Syba I/O Crest SI-PEX40129 (ASM2824)

    (This particular card has multiple variants by various importers, (ASM2824)) Warning: Require two drives to work in the card.    		 2 2500 MB/s (Single drive) / 3000 MB/s (RAID) 8x PCIe
    Ableconn PEXM2-130 / StarTech PEX8M2E2 / Lycom DT-130 / etc
    (This particular card has multiple variants by various importers, (ASM2824))    		 2 2800 MB/s (Single drive) / 3000 MB/s (RAID) 8x PCIe
    Accelsior 4M2 (PLX8747) 4 3000+ MB/s (RAID) 8x PCIe
    Amfeltec Squid series
    Some are PLX8747    		 4 5900+ MB/s (RAID) 16x PCIe
    PLX8747 Generic 4 5900+ MB/s (RAID) 16x PCIe
    Highpoint 7101A (PLX8747) 4 5900+ MB/s (RAID) 16x PCIe
    ASM2824 Quad M.2 NVMe SSD
    (aliexpress generic card) confirmed working by MacProUpgrade (requires FaceBook Membership). This is card also available from many no-name white-label vendors: Add On/ADWITS/RIITOP/BGNing etc.     		4 ? (prelim tests show 2500 MB/s single drive)
    Sonnet M.2 4x4 PCIe Card FUS-SSD-4X4-E3: 4 5900+ MB/s (Raid) 16x PCIe MacProUpgrade (requires FaceBook Membership), Barefeats
    Sonnet M.2 4x4 PCIe Card (Silent) 4 5900+ MB/s (Raid) 16x PCIe

    Can I use a card that isn't listed above that hosts multiple NVMe drives?

    Almost 99% of the time, no. Most M.2 hosts rely on bifurcation. The Mac Pro does not support bifurcation. See the bifurcation section for details. Many cards that support bifurcation can be used for a single drive. Popular cards like the ASUS Hyper M.2 x16 Card v2 4 x M.2 Socket 3 will not host multiple drives in a Mac Pro. However, if the card uses the ASM2824 or a PLX8747 chipset, you can use it.

    Untested Cards Might Work

    The card Highpoint SSD7540 controller-based cards should work as they advertise 2019 Mac Pro support like HighPoint Technologies SSD7540 PCIe 4.0 x16 8-Port M.2 NVMe RAID Controller.

    Also untested is the new version of the ADWITS Ultra Speed Quad M.2. The previous version used molex, which caused issues for the Mac Pro.

    M.2 and Heatsinks

    When looking at SSD options, you'll probably notice some hosts include heat sinks and others do not.

    It's pretty easy to find conflicting info on AHCI and NVMe SSDs and heat sinks. The short answer is that SSDs are intelligent enough to self-throttle if they get too hot. Thus, it is extremely unlikely heat will damage them. That said, NVMes run warm, but it takes quite a bit to heat them. The NAND memory itself doesn't require any cooling and is generally supposed to be warm to the touch. The controller chipset is the portion of the SSD that heatsinks benefit the most from cooling. There have been debates about whether cooling could be detrimental, but the current consensus is a passive heatsink, at worst, doesn't do much and likely keeps the SSD running at optimal speeds. Even a cheap generic SSD heat sink in many tests shows a drop of 10-15C (roughly 50 degrees Fahrenheit).

    For most users, self-included, the heatsink won't change day-to-day operation. Only when you get to cards that can operate four drives, tend to be the consensus that a heatsink is advisable.

    Aftermarket heatsinks can be bought and attached to SSDs. Still, if you do go this route, some experts recommend removing the label, as many labels function as heat distribution/heat dissipation, like those found on Samsung drives. Multi-drive M.2 cards require a heatsink over the PCIe switch/controller chipset, as the popular ASMedia 2824 or the PLX8747 runs warm. Often, this is folded into the entire chassis, like in the Highpoint and Sonnet designs, which provide a large heatsink that works for both the PCIe card itself and the drives.

    PCIe AHCI SSD

    Without any firmware updates or modifications, Mac Pros can boot AHCI SSDs, which are faster than the standard SATA drives via PCIe sleds, offering significantly faster speeds, often double that of SATA SSDs but tend to cap out at 1500 MB/s (usually more roughly in the 1 GB/s mark). Most NVMe adapters also accept AHCI. However, due to the speed limitations and age, there aren't many models on the market. The price per GB tends to be high, as the industry has largely pivoted to NVMe.

    AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface) is what the SATA standard is based on although, PCIe AHCI interfaces can exceed SATA3 speeds.

    PCIe NVMe

    Due to its extreme performance, NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) is currently the holy grail of storage. NVMe is roughly triple to quadruple the read/writes of SATA (and often nearly double of AHCI M.2 SSDs), clocking in at transfer speeds over 2 GB/s (and nearly as fast writes). Also, due to the improvements in SSDs, NVMe tends to sport faster 4k Random read/write times, which also greatly affects the "zippiness" of a computer. NVMe was constructed to work only via the PCIe standard; thus, it'sit has a speed advantage over AHCI.

    NVMe wasn't always supported under OS X. NVMe support started with the appropriate PCIe sleds under 10.13 with the glaring issue of only being read/writable but not bootable. Clever users found workarounds. They discovered that creating a Fusion Drive with NVMe, with only the boot record on the AHCI storage (it can be a thumb drive), allowed for NVMe boots, allowing Mac Pros to attain the incredible speeds of NVMe (See Fusion Drives section). Then, users found using firmware hacking. They could enable NVMe booting by using a firmware hack upgrade. See the entire thread here. Notably, this firmware hack appears to work for 3,1/4,1/5,1 Mac Pros. The latest Mac Pro 5,1 bios have NVMe support. See below for more details.

    PCIe NVMe sleds aren't all created equal as the performance is limited on the PCIe max slot speed (and which slot the card is placed in the Mac Pro) (see the PCIe and You portion of this guide for more info). Also, some cards can host multiple NVMe SSDs. To make matters more confusing, many PCIe NVMe multi-SSD adapters require bifurcation, which is a technology for later-gen PCIe not supported on the Mac Pro, which allows a PCIe slot to be split, example: One 16x port becomes two 8x ports (see the PCIe and You portion of this guide for more info). Multi-drive NVMe cards that support the Mac Pro are more expensive as they have a controller that handles the PCIe IC and registers, and some are more powerful than others.

    The Mac Pro is limited to 1500 MB/s on a card unless the card uses a PCIe controller switch. The PCIe switch lets the user toggle the PCIe maximum speed. A PCIe 3.0 NVMe card with a switch allows the user to toggle the card to PCIe 2.0 (the Mac Pros only have 2.0). Without it, most NVMe PCIe 3.0 sleds will fall back to PCIe 1.0, which is the above speed cap. Outside of PCIe 2.0 support, single-slot NVMe cards have little performance difference.

    PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSDs have hit the market (semi) recently, which thus far have offered marginal speed increases over PCIe 3.0 SSDs. These aren't recommended for the Mac Pro, as preliminary speculation has been they will run in 4x PCIe 1.0. I have not seen anyone try a PCIe 4.0 NVMe in a sled with a controller.

    To summarize. NVMe speed is a function of three factors: the NVMe sled, the NVMe itself, and the PCIe port's maximum speed.

    Not all NVMes are Mac OS compatible. Rather than list all that are compatible, here's a shortlist of incompatible or ones that need firmware updates models, as they are few and far between.

    • Samsung 950 PRO
    • Samsung 970 EVO Plus*
    • Samsung PM981
    • Samsung 860**

    * The Evo and Evo Pro variants of the 970 are Mac-compatible. There is a firmware update for the Evo Plus that fixes issues. Most drives at this point should have the new firmware preinstalled at this point, but it should be noted.

    ** There are mixed reports on the 860s

    Useful Links

    Not all SSDs are equal

    While this guide will not explain the finer points of SSDs, it is important to understand that SSDs come in multiple variants based on their storage capacity. Data density in mechanical hard drives has greatly improved read/write speeds as more data can be read by a drive-head on a hard drive each time the platter rotates. More data per square millimeter = more data read per second. This is one of the main reasons why HDD performance has steadily increased over time. However, the same cannot be said for SSDs. Each storage unit in an SSD is represented as a cell. The first SSDs could store a single bit per cell, positive or negative. This is referred to as a single-layer cell. Shortly after came the Multi-Layer Cell (MLC) introduction, which allowed for 2 bits per cell. Then came Triple Level Cell (TLC), which allowed for 3 bits of data per cell, and Quad Level Cell (QLC), which can store 4 bits per cell. The doubling of data per cell comes at a price: speed and reliability. This additional data load per bit increases stress on each cell and takes more time to access the data, which is fractional, but 3 bits vs. 4 bits means 8 vs. 16 possible values stored in an individual cell and more time to retrieve and write.

    SLC is the fastest/most reliable and expensive. QLC drives have dropped the price floor in the SSD market but are hard to recommend with their reliability being untested, with only roughly 1000 read/write cycles (the data can be overwritten roughly 1000 times before that cell becomes unstable and is retired). Worse, in very large file transfers, QLC can occasionally dip below HDD speeds. TLC offers roughly 3000-5000 read/write cycles, making it three to five times as reliable as QLC, and it's much faster. Samsung estimates 114 years for 1 TB TLC. Although this is entirely unproven, Windows utilities provide entirely hypothetical guestimates of your SSD life. Does a QLC have 1/5 the reliability of a TLC SSD? Is it worse? Does it compare to a mechanical HDD? There are better sources on the internet, but it is somewhat speculative. The best estimates are using Mean Time to Failure vs. Terabytes, which is written from large data centers, and we simply do not have the data. My bet is on QLC > HDD, but I would pay the extra money for a TLC drive.

    Memory density isn't the only factor; the very first SSDs didn't use a controller with a DRAM cache, and thus performance would "stutter. In an effort to harass the power of SSDs, controllers started packing DRAM to store the data map, as DRAM is much faster than NAND and alleviates a common choke point in the SSD design. Many inexpensive SSDs are now also switching to DRAMless configurations, which generally result in lesser performance and lesser longevity due to the lack of a buffer to quickly read/write to before going to the SSD. Tomshardware's has an excellent summary of DRAMless SSDs.

    Enabling TRIM

    SSDs write data in data in units known as pages, and (usually) 128 pages form a block. For an SSD to write data to a block, it first must delete the block (reset the cell state) before new data can be written, thus slowing down data writing speeds to previously used blocks. TRIM enables the operating system to tell an SSD what data blocks are no longer in use and can be reset. TRIM speeds up the SSD and also improves drive longevity. If only some of the pages are changing in a block, TRIM will shuffle current relevant data to a different block, freeing up the entire block to be written instead of having to rewrite the block. I suggest searchstorage.techtarget.com's summary for the curious.

    Unlike Windows, by default Mac OS does not have TRIM enabled for 3rd party drives. You can validate if your SSD has TRIM enabled by going to About This Mac -> System Report -> then locating your Drive under the flag, "TRIM Support".

    In previous iterations of Mac OS, TRIM utilities could be downloaded and installed. In 10.10.x Mac OS switched to Kernel extension signing and thus needed Apple approval locking 3rd party TRIM utilities out unless SIP was disabled. In 10.10.4, Apple made it possible to use its own TRIM utility for 3rd party drives. Open up a Terminal window to enable a drive and use the following command. Almost all newer SSDs are TRIM compatible, but I recommend validating this before enabling it.

    sudo trimforce enable

    You will be prompted for your password and given a warning. TRIM can be disabled at any time by using disable instead of enable.

    The Fastest Boot

    One of the ironies of NVMe on the Mac Pro is that it will not greatly improve your boot speed over a SATA SSD connected to the internal SATA slots. This has to do with the PCIe Bus scan and speed negotiation. In fact, in many cases, the SATA SSD will boot faster.

    That said, the NVMe is the clear winner once the OS has loaded. If your concern is primarily boot times, go with a SATA SSD connected to the Mac Pro's internal bus.

    NVMe and the Mac Pro 3,1

    The Mac Pro 3,1 has multiple vectors to enable NVMe booting: NVMe EFI driver and BootROM modification. Currently, MacRumors has a work in progress guide.

    Making PCIe drives appear as internal Drives

    OpenCore can fix the mislabeled NVMe/SATA drives as external.

    A MacRumors forum member has written a kext called Innie, which makes PCIe (SATA/NVMe) drives behave and appear as internal, useful for users not running OpenCore. MacRumors: Innie: A fix for PCI drives seen as external that helps solve issues revolving around Boot Camp Assistant and the macOS Installer. This, however, may be optional for many users. As a user for 6+ years of a SATA3 card + SATA SSD, I've never had issues with the misidentification as I installed Windows without Bootcamp assistant and have never had issues with the installer.

    Summary: Getting the most out of your SSD

    As there's quite a bit of info to digest, below is a quick bullet point summary.

    • NVMe SSDs are the fastest, much faster than SATA or AHCI, but speeds differ wildly depending on model/make. (See not All SSDs are created equal).
    • NVMe booting requires the updated firmware for 4,1/5,1s. 3.1s require ROM hacking, which is tricky, or you can use OpenCore to support NVMe. Mac Pro 3.1s can use AHCI and SATA HDDs without any issues.
    • NVMe speeds with cheap host cards will be capped to a maximum of 1500 MB/s, as the card will address the PCIe bus in 4x PCIe regardless of what port the card is plugged into. Hosts with compatible controller chipsets will address additional lanes when plugged into a 16x Port, unlocking single NVMe speeds of 3 GB/s or nearly 8 GB/s for a RAID setup. However, host cards with controller chipsets cost significantly more, but pretty much all of these cards support multiple NVMe drives, which can be used as multiple volumes or RAID. You will want one of these cards to get the most out of your NVMe drive. Most Host cards with multiple slots are incompatible with the Mac Pro, as they require the controller chipset to address multiple NVMe drives. The list of compatible cards is listed above.
    • AHCI PCIe SSDs are fairly uncommon today and thus fairly expensive. They are faster than normal SATA SSDs but not as fast as NVMe. Since SATA uses AHCI, these drives are bootable on Macs without NVMe firmware.
    • RAID isn't supported by APFS, but there are workarounds (see below). RAID0 will improve latency as well.
    • SATA SSDs can be plugged into the Mac Pro's SATA ports but will be capped at 300 MB/s thanks to SATA2. Using a SATA3 interface will double the bandwidth to 600 MB/s max. That said, the random read/write times, latency, and other properties are mostly unaffected. Going to SATA3 is mostly noticed when working with large transfers/files.
    • The difference between SATA SSD and NVMe generally favors SATA for startup times due to firmware limitations (as the computer must go through PCIe negotiation). However, after initially booting, NVMe is much faster.
    • For most users, the perceived speed difference from HDD -> SATA SSD is much greater than SATA SSD -> NVMe.
    • NVMe will not greatly improve boot times as the NVMe drive must perform the PCIe Buss scan and speed negotiation. SATA SSDs generally will boot faster.
    • Heatsinks for NVMe drives aren't required.
    • OpenCore benefits NVMe SSDs by making them appear as internal drives

    Benchmarking SSDs

    The best benchmarking software for SSDs is on Windows, as there are many utilities, whereas the Mac landscape is limited. Previously, users would use utilities like AJA Disk Speed or Blackmagic disk speed, which are, quite frankly, bad as they only test continuous read/write speeds. The popular Windows utility, CrystalMark now has a Mac clone called AmorphousDiskMark. It tests more aspects of an SSD, such as random reads/writes. I've written more about it in a blog post, AmorphousDiskMark is CrystalDiskMark for macOS; let's all stop using BlackMagic Disk Speed Test and AJA Disk Test.



    RAID and APFS and performance

    As previously mentioned, RAID after 10.13.6 is very ugly for booting. The process involves cloning your boot disk to a single disk drive and cloning the updates back to the RAID array. This remains unchanged from 10.14 - 11.x I recommend reading Catalina on RAID with APFS on MacPro 5,1.

    RAID0, though may be "worth it" for users looking for the maximum performance. A 16x NVMe RAID0 can hit 6000+ MB/s read and write speeds, but far more important is that it improves the latency, giving a perceptual "snappiness" that is noticeable, as demonstrated in this old but a good article by PCPER.com, Triple M.2 Samsung 950 Pro Z170 PCIe NVMe RAID Tested – Why So Snappy?. Users are more likely to notice this than running an NVMe at 4x rather than with an 8x or 16x M.2 Host PCIe card.

    Fusion Drives

    The Fusion Drive once was Apple's solution to mitigating the high cost/low storage space of SSD. The Fusion drive was an OS-level pairing between a standard spinning disk SATA drive and an SSD. These days, the idea of creating a Fusion drive might seem strange, with SSD prices continuing to drop, and the economics of terabyte-sized SSDs are much more attainable.

    Fusion Drives have become en vogue once again thanks to the partial support of earlier MacOS versions regarding NVMe and Mac Pro 3.1s lacking firmware updates. NVMe isn't natively bootable prior to the 140.0.0.0.0 firmware update for the Mac Pro 5.1s, but Fusion drives are.

    Note the following hack is no longer necessary for 5.1s. The hack goes as follows: Disable SIP / Install the hacked NVMe driver for 10.12 (you may still need it for specific brands in 10.13), then a string of installation commands... Rather than re-outline them, the following links are useful.

    Useful Links

    OWC Aura and Accelsior SSDs and APFS

    OWC appears to make the only SSDs that are incompatible with APFS, the default file system for 10.13+. According to the MacRumors forum posters, OWC Aura owners have been offered a rebate on Aura Pro SSDs. The Aura series is unlikely to be found in a cMac Pro setup as it requires an external case. Users report that Accelsior SSDs work with HFS+ with 10.13.



    Display Upgrades

    The Mac Pro's display limitations are a factor of graphics cards, what OS you are running, and whatever monitor you can afford or are willing to pay for. The Mac Pros running 10.9 or later can use resolution scaling akin to Macs that ship with "retina" (high-density pixel-per-inch displays).

    5k and Beyond

    There are users with 5k displays and Mac Pros, including a user confirming two 5k displays working perfectly fine on his Mac Pro.

    The current state of 8k

    So far, users have only been able to get macOS to output 8k at 30 Hz regardless of macOS version or GPU, but Windows 10 with a Mac Pro can output 8k@60 Hz. I recommend checking out the following threads: Mac Rumors: 8k (or '8k4k') display support in macOS?, Reddit: My journey for 8K on MacOS, and MacRumors: Dell UP3218K 8K Monitor on Mac Pro 2019?. Most likely, a Big Sur update or a later macOS will introduce native 8K support. It is unlikely older macOSes will ever output 8k@60 Hz.

    10-Bit Color / Color Spacing

    10-bit color spacing requires a minimum of 10.12 (although Apple introduced 10-bit in 10.11 for the 5k iMac), and it'sits support is somewhat hazy as few Apple apps support 10-bit color (Preview, Photos, Final Cut Pro) and some 3rd party apps. The latest Catalina adds desktop-wide HDR color spacing support, whereas Windows has had this feature for years.

    Older NVidia GPUs with the web drivers will not support 10-bit color, but the latest GPUs do. AMD's GPU Drivers lockout 10-bit on its consumer GPUs (sans the VII), but the Pro variants unlock 10-bit color. Unfortunately, Apple's drivers confusingly report 30-bit (aka 10-bit) color even when non-compatible hardware is used. If the GPU can address downsampling 30-bit color spaces to 24-bit, it will report 30-bit color. Many true 10-bit displays will report when they're receiving a 10-bit signal. Under Windows, non-pro AMD GPUs will use 10-bit color in games, whereas 2D operations are still wedged into 8-bit color spaces. Most displays (especially budget) use Frame Rate Control (FRC) to achieve simulated 10-bit. FRC works by parsing the 10-bit color stream and for colors that fall outside the 8-bit range, cycling between near shades of colors within the 8-bit spectrum. This visually creates a simulated 10-bit experience and improves the perceived gamut. This is acceptable for many purposes, but film editors, colorists, and graphic designers may require the accuracy of true 10-bit color. These come with a much higher price tag.

    When buying a display, it's also important to consider color-space coverage. Color spaces for the unfamiliar are standards of color ranges that a display, projector, or printer setup can represent. Monitors may brag about their color space profile. Not all color spaces are equal, some representing a lot fewer colors than others. The important thing is that sRGB is a dated standard from the 1990s, based on CRTs rather than any clear standard. It severely suffers in representing shades of green and some blues. Today, Apple prefers DCI P3 for its monitors. This standard vastly improves the range of colors available to a display (roughly 45% of the human eye can see as opposed to the 35% of sRGB) and is designed for digital cinema. Adobe RGB is also similar to P3. Both represent a much wider gamut than sRGB. Selecting monitors based on color spaces can assist you in finding a display that's more suitable for photo editing and color grading, capable of more range in the expression of color, and feels more "Mac-like". The wider the color gamut, the wider range of colors a display can produce.

    The latest macOS Catalina brings HDR color space support finally to the Mac platform for compatible GPUs and displays.

    Refresh rates: 60 Hz (and above) 4k

    The Hz of a display measures how many times a second the screen is refreshed, which defines the maximum frames-per-second (FPS) a display can render. A 120 Hz display can render a maximum of 120 FPS. 60 Hz is generally considered the minimum refresh rate for "smooth" user interfaces, like mouse tracking, dragging windows, scrolling, etc. As computer hardware has improved, so have refresh rates. FreeSync and G-Sync are technologies that allow for variable refresh rates to improve the visual experience (prevent effects like "tearing"), especially in the realm of gaming. Mac OS currently does not support Freesync/G-Sync. I can attest that enabling Freesync on a Freesync display caused the monitor to stop outputting video in 10.13.x with a GeForce 1060 and a Vega 56. Also, both tonymacx86 and MacRumors forum members have experienced the same sort of issues. The workaround is to disable the G-sync and Freesync if the monitor produces no video output. Under Windows 10, FreeSync/G-Sync is supported as the limitation is tied to Mac OS.

    Depending on the setup, 4k @ 60 Hz+ via HDMI may require workarounds, whereas DisplayPort tends to be far more reliable. I've personally used several 4k displays with my Mac Pro at 60 Hz via DisplayPort with no issues beyond Freesync. Forum members at MacRumors have confirmed that 144 Hz 4k displays do work.

    There's a minor caveat that flashed 7950s and 7970s booting with 60 Hz 4k displays will hang, thus must run at 30 Hz at the boot screen. Most 79xx cards have dual ROM, so day-to-day, the UEFI ROM can function as the card's default, which bypasses the boot-screen video output. Later GPUs do not have this issue.

    Dual-Link DVI Displays & Modern GPUs
    (and the 30-inch Cinema Display)

    Many modern GPUs do not have DVI ports, and many older monitors use DVI. Buying an HDMI -> DVI or DisplayPort -> DVI cable should work, right? Not so fast. If the monitor's resolution is over 1920 x 1200 @ 60 Hz, you will need an active Dual-Link DVI convertor.

    DVI has always been a bit of a hodge-podge standard, owing to the era it came from when displays were mostly analog. There are multiple variants, DVI-A (analog only), DVI-I (analog or digital), and DVI-D (Digital). To add to the confusion, there's also Dual-Link DVI, which doubles the cable serial links (using the pin-outs) in the cable to effectively double the bandwidth for DVI-D signals, allowing for 1080p @ 120 Hz/2560 × 1600 (or 2560 × 1440) @ 60 Hz/3,840 × 2,400 @ 30 Hz).

    Because of the data rate limitations of DVI-D, the industry has primarily shifted to the newer DisplayPort and High-Speed HDMI. Both support 8k resolutions at their current iterations, as well as audio. Modern GPUs often do not have DVI connections and only have HDMI and DisplayPort. However, because of the pin-out shenanigans and also bitstream differences, using DVI-D displays (any display that allows for the resolutions listed above) requires an Active Dual-Link DVI to DisplayPort Adapter/Conversion. The converters need additional power; thus, they usually have a USB connector to draw power. Otherwise, DVI to DisplayPort or HDMI is limited to 1080p @ 60 Hz. This means the ever-popular 30-inch Apple Cinema Display with many modern GPUs will require active conversion, which often costs north of $120 USD for decent quality ones.

    If you are wondering, "What about HDMI to Dual-Link DVI"? There isn't any solution as no such device exists on the market.

    Why you can go HDMI to DisplayPort but not the inverse

    There are plenty of HDMI -> DisplayPort cables on the market, but they will not work going DisplayPort -> HDMI.

    HDMI was developed directly as a follow-up to DVI, whereas DisplayPort is a different beast. HDMI and DVI are both based on TMDS (Transition-Minimized Differential Signaling) for data transfer at 5V. Thus, a DVI and HDMI cable can be used interchangeably. DisplayPort is entirely different, running its LVDS signal protocol instead and at 3.3v. This is where things get a little more confusing. DisplayPort was later adapted to carry the 5V TMDS called DisplayPort Dual-Mode but became so ubiquitous that most manufacturers don't even bother to list it. It can pretty much be assumed that any device with a DisplayPort manufactured in the last decade can accept video from an HDMI source. As mentioned above, DisplayPort requires active conversion to carry the Dual-Link DVI signal. DisplayPort, like HDMI, can also carry audio. It can also do more than that and can even transmit bi-directional USB data.

    HDMI has no such mode to carry LVDS video signals and wasn't designed to be as all-encompassing as DisplayPort. Also respectively, HDMI predates DisplayPort by four years, released in 2002, whereas DisplayPort was released in 2006. The summary is you cannot connect an HDMI Display to a DisplayPort on a GPU without a convertor.

    Using a 4k TV as a display

    The short answer is: yes, you can do it. TVs generally require some minor tweaking of the picture, such as enabling overscan correction in macOS. Those looking to use a TV as a full-time monitor should keep a few things in mind. Not all TVs use Chroma 4:4:4 subsampling. Video editors are probably familiar with this concept as not all cameras are 4:4:4, but they may not realize it, nor are all displays. Chroma subsampling refers to pixel clusters and data representation. The Human eye is much more receptive to changes in luminance than color. Thus, video data can be compressed easily by tracking clusters of chroma values and mapping them over pixels of chroma value. This works great for video codecs when the data is at an endpoint where precision isn't as important (a streaming video, for example). TVs, to cut corners, often use this in the panels to both improve response times and lower cost, whereas PC displays are almost always 4:4:4 outside of extremely odd-ball instances. With lower Chroma Subsampling, things like text look blurry due to the decreased chroma resolution. Rtings has a great running list of The 6 Best 4k TVs For PC Monitors and pictorial examples of Chroma subsampling. A 60 Hz 4:4:4 Chroma Subsampled 4k 43-inch display suitable for a PC can be had for as low as $230 USD, making them popular for many users. Mac OS supports audio over HDMI as well. See the GPU section for details.

    Notably, with the increase in size comes a decrease in sharpness. For a monitor, one intends to sit at a normal desk distance; 43 inches is appropriate as its Pixels Per Inch (PPI) is approximately 102 PPI. For comparison, Apple's 30-inch Cinema display was roughly 101 PPI, and its 27 Inch Cinema Display was 109 PPI. Apple's laptops pre-Retina generally were around 110 PPI and its retina laptops at 220 PPI. A 4k 42-inch TV is roughly 105 PPI, making it appropriate as a very large standard-definition display. I suggest the PPI calculator for calculating a display's PPI quickly.

    UI scaling

    External monitors receive the same UI scaling abilities as found in MacBooks. UI scaling requires Mavericks 10.9.3+, although the GPU may require a later version of Mac OS. Some 4k displays will not report all scaled resolutions. To display all the scaled resolution options:

    1. Open preferences and click the Displays.
    2. If the option "Default for display" is selected, option-click Scaled.
    3. If Scaled is already selected, option-click "Scaled."

    Does my GPU support 4k?

    This is where Google is your friend. Search your GPU's model and max resolution (GPU model can be found in the About This Mac section). That said, there's another way to check, too: If your GPU does not have HDMI or Display Port, it cannot output 4k, as Dual-Link DVI maxes out at 2560 x 1600. That said, an HDMI port and/or DisplayPort does not guarantee 4k support but makes it a possibility.

    Control Brightness via keyboard a 3rd Party Display

    Some displays use the DDC/CI spec to control the brightness/volume (as well as other features), a kind MacRumors member wrote a utility to assist for those displays.

    The utility, MonitorControl, can be installed from a dmg or homebrew. Lastly, the MonitorControl FAQ is a bit buried but contains useful info.

    Apple 27-inch Thunderbolt Display
    (and the 27-inch LED Cinema Display)

    Apple made two 27-inch displays, the LED Cinema Display and the Thunderbolt Display. Both look very similar and thus cause a lot of confusion as they are frequently mislabeled. The LED model uses mini DisplayPort and has the model number A1316. It can be connected via an adapter from HDMI to a mini-DisplayPort port or DisplayPort to a mini-DisplayPort. However, it is less common than its successor.

    The Apple Thunderbolt Display, often incorrectly referred to as the "Thunderbolt Cinema Display" (technically, it is not part of the Cinema display line), is a poor choice for Mac Pros because it does not use mini-DisplayPort but rather uses Thunderbolt (despite the connector looking the same as its predecessor). You cannot use an adapter to make the Thunderbolt display backward compatible with other technologies (HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI).

    On the backside of the display, the Thunderbolt display has multiple ports: three USB 2.0 ports, single Firewire 800 port, and a single Gigabit Ethernet port, whereas the LED Display only has USB 2.0 Ports.

    The Mac Pro, by default, is not equipped with Thunderbolt. Yet a MacProUpgrade user using an ASUS Expansion Card for Z170 & X99 Motherboards ThunderboltEX 3 to enable video passthrough, from his GPU. This isn't recommended as the computer will not wake from sleep and remains experimental. Currently, there is progress with Thunderbolt 3 cards.

    Recommended Places to go for Monitor Recommendations

    The wonderful thing about monitors is the large variety, but it can make it daunting to select one. I'm personally a fan of the following sites: Rtings, PCmag, Wirecutter, Consumer Reports, Tomshardware, Digital Trends, as all sites do actual hands-on reviews as opposed to listicles of dubious rapport. I ended up with a BenQ PD3220u as it's a true 10-bit 4k panel that has a wide gamut, supporting 95% of the P3 color profile after trying several lesser displays but I also found that a 43 inch 4k Sony X800H TV that I picked up for less than half of the BenQ covers the same P3 space and looks every bit as good as the BenQ which goes to show there are bargains to be had.



    Bluetooth / Wireless Upgrades

    The Mac Pros 1,1 - 5,1 all include one mini PCIe slot for Airport cards but can also use USB and PCIe Wi-Fi adapters for both 802.11.x and Bluetooth. The advantage of the mini-PCIe slot is that you do not have to sacrifice a PCIe slot, and you can also upgrade Bluetooth and 802.11 internally. Mac OS 10.14 Mojave drops the support for the BCM94321MC chipset found in many Mac Pros. Users must upgrade their Wi-Fi chipset to use Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (ethernet remains unaffected). Users need a BCM94360. If you are already running a BCM94360, you may need to purge your Wi-Fi settings for Mojave. Users can look up their chipset by going to About this Mac -> System Report -> Network -> Wi-Fi. The chipset will be located within the Interfaces section, usually with the starting numbers of the card's chipset in the firmware. Most upgraders prefer to use the mini-PCIe slot upgrade as PCIe slots are in short supply.

    Mini PCIe Airport Cards

    Apple's Airport cards originally started at 802.11.x wireless network adapters. With the advent of Bluetooth, Apple folded Bluetooth and 802.11x into one card that was in many different Mac models, making it possible to upgrade the Wi-Fi abilities in those Mac models. All models of the classic Mac Pros shipped with an AirPort Extreme (802.11a/b/g/n + Bluetooth 2.0+). Any Mac Pro can be upgraded to 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + Bluetooth 4.0+, and this enables features like Airdrop. With an upgraded Wi-Fi chipset, Continuity and Handoff can be enabled to work with a Mac Pro. See enabling Continuity and Handoff in this guide.

    Buying/Installing a Mini PCIe Airport card

    Vendors like OSXWifi sell a mini PCIe to Apple Airport adapter + the Apple Airport BCM94360. Each can be bought separately or packaged together. However, more intrepid users have noticed that you can buy for much cheaper the Broadcom BCM94331CD Mini PCIe to wireless Wi-Fi card Adapter Bracket adapter for a Mac Pro 4,1/5,1 and the Mini PCIe Adapter. The BCM94322MC can be found on Amazon for roughly $15-$20, as well.

    I bought a card from osxwifi.com and outlined my experiences here. Connecting the Airport cables before the card is seated will make installing a card much easier.

    Installing the cards isn't much harder than regular PCIe cards.

    Mac Pro 3.1s looking to keep Wi-Fi support for unsupported OSes can keep native Wi-Fi / Bluetooth with the BCM94360CD.

    • Apple Broadcom BCM94360CD - 1,1 / 5,1 Mac Pros (The Mac 1,1-3,1s have a Bluetooth antenna that's attachable via USB data lines; the 4,1/5,1s antennas are located off the logic board; thus, an extension cable is needed)

    Useful Links

    USB Bluetooth Adapters

    Many users go the easier route of using USB Dongles. USB Bluetooth dongles aren't perfect, but they do (mostly) work. You may need to get Apple Bluetooth explorer, go to Apple Developer Bluetooth and click downloads. It'll require a developer account. The basic developer account is free. Users of MacRumors recommend USB dongles using the Broadcom BCM20702 chipset for compatibility. Readers of MacProUpgrade report both the Asus BT400 and IOGear BT4 USB GBU521 work without hitches.

    PCIe Wifi Cards

    Again, like the actual mini PCIe upgrades, any card based on the BCM94360CD works in a Mac Pro. The best place to get information on compatible PCIe Wi-Fi cards is from the Hackintosh community, such as TonyMacX86's buyer's guide. Any cards that function without any hacks in a Hackintosh will also work in a Mac Pro without hacks. Popular cards include the TP-Link PCI Express Wi-Fi Adapter 802.11N (N900), Fenvi 802.11AC A/B/G/N/AC Desktop Wi-Fi Card (No Bluetooth), and Rosewill PCI Express Wi-Fi Adapter 802.11N (the US only).

    Useful Links



    Ram Upgrades (Memory)

    As many users probably are already aware, the Mac Pros, in certain cases, can address more RAM than Apple officially lists. It depends on the CPU configuration. If, for some reason, you intend to run pre-10.9, OS X pre-Mavericks had a maximum of 96 GB of RAM.

    By default, Apple shipped all models of the Mac Pros with Error-correcting code memory (ECC memory), although all the Mac Pros support non-ECC RAM. Most users choose to stick with ECC RAM for its increased stability. Mixing and matching RAM is feasible on the later Mac Pros.

    Mac Pro 5,1 (2010/2012)

    Mac Pro 5,1 Memory tray

    Pictured: Single CPU tray. The Mac Pro 4,1 and 5,1 use a combined CPU/Memory Tray design. The dual CPU trays contain double the amount of memory slots.

    The 5.1s are the most flexible of the Mac Pros when it comes to memory. The 5,1 Mac Pro, depending on CPU config, may run 1333 MHz RAM at 1066 MHz if 1066 MHz Dimms are present. See the RAM (Memory) Upgrades for a list of the CPUs and their bus speeds to determine which CPU supports 1333 MHz RAM. Any CPU config can use the slower clocked memory; there is some debate on performance effects Mac Performance Guide tests for information. Users also report mixed ECC/non-ECC ram bootable, RDIMMS with UDIMMs, and again mixing ECC and non-ECC on the Mac Pro 5.1. Lastly, OWC and EveryMac generally report the maximum ram on the 5,1 as 128 GB, but users have confirmed that 160 GB is possible, although it appears not to be feasible after 10.13.x. The Mac Pro will not boot macOS with more than 160 GB of RAM.

    . Using OpenCore, it may be feasible to boot macOS with 192 GB of RAM.

    Dual-Channel vs. Triple-Channel

    As computers advanced, memory controllers have changed significantly, which in the case of dual-channel memory, allowed for two datapaths for the CPU to access memory per clock cycle, effectively doubling the throughput. Triple-channel memory adds yet another datapath to increase memory performance.

    The Mac Pro 5,1 can run in both Dual and Triple-channel memory modes. Channel modes depend on how many matched pairs of RAM are placed into the Mac Pro. This depends on configuration depends on whether the Mac Pro is a single or dual CPU computer, as the dual CPU Macs.

    A dual CPU Mac Pro 5,1 can run in triple-channel mode with six paired DIMMs, whereas if 2, 4, or 8 DIMMs are used, the Mac Pro will run in dual-channel mode. A single CPU Mac Pro can run triple-channel memory mode with 3 DIMMs installed. Thus, the maximum RAM in triple-channel memory mode in a single CPU Mac Pro is 48 GB, and a dual CPU is 96 GB. Notably, memory performance is increased roughly 50% by running a Mac Pro in triple-channel mode but result in small real-world performance tests equate to a 3-4% speed increase in limited testing, a much more recent test by a Mac Rumors user showed that Triple channel memory results in notable gains again in synthetic benchmarks and less-so in Valley Unigine. Other applications may see larger differences, as it is a significant bandwidth increase. Also, see "Is Tri Channel functionality maintained when 4th memory stick used?" for further info. Perhaps another enterprising blogger/forum poster will one day test more broadly dual-channel vs. triple-channel modes to show the real-world gains.

    Maximum DIMM size: 32 GB*

    Maximum RAM:

    Apple's Recommended DIMM type:

    • PC3-10600E, 1333 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM UDIMMs
    • 72-bit wide, 240-pin ECC modules
    • 36 ICs maximum per ECC UDIMM
    • Error-correcting code (ECC)

    It's also worth noting that the Mac Pro 5,1 has a narrow chance of supporting more than 160 GB of RAM due to a few factors: Mac OS 10.9 Mavericks increased the maximum RAM in OSX above 96 GB. The Mac Pro supports 32 GB DIMMS in certain scenarios. The latest iMac Pros now have larger RAM configurations. Windows can support 192 GB in the Mac Pro. Recently, users running OpenCore have tested the viability of 32 GB DIMMs in the Mac Pro, opening the possibility for 192 GB support in macOS. Facebook: OpenCore - on the Mac Pro (requires membership). OpenCore emulates later Mac firmware, thus allowing macOS to boot with more than 128 GB reliably.

    * So far, Mac OS 10.14 and 10.15 appear to no longer support 32 GB DIMMs (without OpenCore). See MacRumors: note here and the threadMacRumors: Crazy idea. 32GB RAM modules in a cMP. Anyone tried this?. 32 GB DIMMs work in Windows and Linux. With OpenCore, users have been able to run more than 128 GB successfully.

    ** A few users have had issues with certain non-ECC DIMMs. Many users advise against mixing and matching, but there seem to be no repercussions. See the above links about non-ECC RAM.

    DDR3 and Heatsinks

    Unlike DDR2, the DDR3 design means heatsinks are optional. The Mac Pro has a fan set that operates over the memory chamber, and there are users who have been using it for a decade now without any RAM failures. Some vendors, like Samsung with its ECC RAM, come with heatsinks. In the case of the Mac Pro, there's little-to-no real-world benefit.

    Mac Pro 4,1 (2009)

    Maximum DIMM size: 16 GB

    The 4,1 Mac Pros can be firmware upgraded to 5.1, which changes the RAM support and maximum RAM. Like the Mac Pro 5.1, it can run in dual and triple-channel modes.

    Maximum RAM:

    • Single Processor Xeon: 48 GB
    • Dual-Processor Capable Single Xeon: 64 GB
    • Dual-Processor Xeon: 128 GB

    Apple's Recommended DIMM type:

    • PC3-8500, 1066 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM UDIMMs
    • 72-bit wide, 240-pin ECC modules
    • 36 ICs maximum per ECC UDIMM
    • Error-correcting code (ECC)
    • Unlisted Spec: Single or Dual Rank memory (see rank section)

    Like the Mac Pro 5.1, even with the 4,1 firmware, you can use non-ECC memory, with confirmations here. Placing 1333 MHz RAM in an unflashed 4,1 will only run at 1066 MHz.

    Mac Pro 3,1 (2008)

    Mac Pro 5,1 Memory CPU

    Pictured: Both the Mac Pro 3,1 and Mac Pro 1,1 use very similar card trays for the RAM upgrades. On the left is a 3,1 tray and on the left is a 1,1 tray

    Maximum RAM: 64 GB

    Maximum DIMM size: 8 GB

    RAM must be installed in pairs, and Apple recommends Apple-approved heatsinks to keep fans at a minimum. The 3.1 can use 667 MHz FB-DIMMs as found in the 1,1/2,1 but with a speed penalty as all installed RAM will run at the 667 MHz speed if a 667 MHz DIMM is present. Also, XLR8yourmac's mixed speed pairing tests.

    Apple's Recommended DIMM type:

    • 800 MHz, DDR2, FB-DIMMs
    • 72-bit wide, 240-pin modules
    • 36 memory ICs maximum per DIMM
    • Error-correcting code (ECC)

    The Mac Pro 3,1 has confirmation that ECC is not required. However, you cannot mix and match ECC with non-EC due to the fully-buffered RAM differences in DDR2.

    MacRumors forum members report Mac Pro 3,1 has a speed penalty when running 64 GB of ram. The workaround is to modify NVRAM the Mac Pro 3,1 to boot with 62 GB of RAM. Other OSes like Windows/Linux can use 64 GB of ram without issues.

     sudo nvram boot-args="maxmem=63488"

    To explain the code above, this adds a boot flag that sets the maximum RAM to 63488 KB. To arrive at this number, 1024K * 62 = 63488. See MacRumors: Mac Pro 3,1 NVMe support + Upgrade Guide + Questions for more info.

    Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 (2006/2007)

    The Mac Pro 1,1/2.1s Mac RAM depends on the firmware, 1,1 Mac Pros are limited to 32 GB, whereas flashing to the 2,1 firmware ensures 64 GB support. See the Firmware Upgrades section for more details. OWC(macsales)/Everymac reports the 2,1 Mac Pro with a maximum of 32 GB, which is incorrect. Users have confirmed using 8 GB DIMMs in 2.1s as well as LowEndMac.com: Install 64 GB of RAM in Your Mac Pro 1,1 or 2,1.

    RAM must be installed in pairs, and Apple recommends Apple-approved heatsinks to keep fans at a minimum.

    Maximum RAM:

    • Mac Pro 1,1: 32 GB
    • Mac Pro 2,1 (Dual CPU): 64 GB

    Maximum DIMM size:

    • Mac Pro 1,1: 4 GB
    • Mac Pro 2,1: 8 GB

    Apple's Recommended DIMM type:

    • 667 MHz, FB-DIMMs
    • 72-bit wide, 240-pin modules
    • 36 devices maximum per DIMM
    • Error-correcting code (ECC)

    The Mac Pros 1,1/2,1s have reports of non-ECC RAM working. Users report using 800 MHz RAM. However, the 1,1/2,1 will downclock the ram to 667 MHz.

    Useful Links

    CAS latency

    Not all RAM is created equal. Depending on the source of the RAM you buy, the CAS (Column Address Strobe or Signal) latency is the count of how many clock cycles it takes for a RAM module to access a specific set of data. For example, if a stick of PC3-10600E (1333 MHz) RAM has a very low CAS latency of 6, then at 1333 MHz (each full cycle taking 1.5 Nanoseconds), the latency would be 9 Nanoseconds. A high CAS latency of 9 would take 13.5 Nanoseconds.

    Notably, the higher the MHz rating of RAM, the larger the CAS Latency is because of the increasingly smaller cycle length. DDR4 RAM, for example, starts at a CAS latency of 15. Crucial has a break down of the true CAS latencies across memory formats

    The CAS latencies can be mixed, and most users won't notice the difference between memory speeds. When put to the test in real-world benchmarks, the results are pretty minuscule. See HardwareSecrets: Do memory timings affect real-world computer performance? for examples.

    DDR3: Registered vs. Unregistered (unbuffered) RAM (RDIMM vs. UDIMM)

    The Mac Pros 4,1/5,1 can accept both Registered and Unregistered (unbuffered), and users have reported mixing the two successfully, but it is generally not recommended and actively discouraged as it may have negative performance implications.

    UDIMMs and RDIMMs have performance implications: UDIMMs are slightly faster at single-channel modes, whereas RDIMMs perform better than UDIMMs in multichannel modes. I recommend Spiceworks: How to: Difference between RDIMM and UDIMM for anyone looking to dive deeper between the two. Most users elect to buy RDIMMs.

    RAM ranks (1Rx4 vs 2Rx4, vs 4Rx4)

    RAM also has yet another factor to consider, known as "Ranks." You'll see it expressed in a number like 2Rx4. The Mac Pros use ECC Memory, which has 72-bit wide data blocks. A DIMM may have multiple data blocks that are expressed as ranks. To determine the Rank, a 1Rx4 would be a 1R or one rank. This would be a single rank, 2R would be dual rank, and 4R is quad rank.

    Then the second portion of this refers to how many data banks are on the said module. crucial, a respected manufacturer of RAM has a deeper dive on this topic.

    While there is some conflicting info, Mac Pro Guru tsialex reports that Quad Rank was never officially supported and will downgrade its clockspeed. Quad Rank RAM is best avoided.

    Buying RAM

    RAM can be purchased rather cheaply if you know where to look, for example, aliexpress or eBay.



    Audio

    Every iteration of the Mac Pro comes with a front-facing headphone Analog Output, a back-facing analog output, a back-facing line-in analog input, and S/PDIF (Sony/Phillips Digital Interface) I/O in the form of two Optical (Toslink). It is capable of transmitting audio via both USB and Firewire interfaces (and even Thunderbolt 3). The Mac Pro's internal hardware is limited to a maximum of 24-bit sound and 96 kHz (Mac Pro 4.1, 5.1) via the analog output and 96 kHz, 24 PCM audio bit via the SPDIF interface. With various audio interfaces, the Mac Pro can support many, many channels of high-resolution audio, commonly tapping out at 24-bit, 192 kHz. A sound's bit-depth and sample rate (resolution) are analogous to a graphic file's bit-depth and resolution.

    Surround Sound and High-resolution audio

    The short answer is the Mac Pro can output multichannel audio but only passthrough popular surround sound used for movies (Dolby Digital, DTS, AAC) codecs via applications like VLC. It cannot output games in surround sound in Mac OS. This isn't a hardware limitation unique to the Mac Pros but rather software. In Windows, the Mac Pro fairs better for surround sound. Also, the Mac Pro's ability to output 96 kHz 24-bit sound via the analog output is a bit dubious, but it can playback high-resolution media without specialized hardware. Whether via the analog outputs is noticeable is questionable.

    macOS 10.15 Catalina finally added mapping of surround sound hardware in the Audio/Midi Setup. It remains only a rudimentary implementation compared to Windows 10.

    To explain the above adequately (analog outputs, surround sound, etc.), I've elected to hide by default as the long answer is long: Click to show long answer for

    Speakers, headphones and more

    Most likely, you will not be using the internal speaker in the Mac Pro other than to hear the startup chime.

    Audio output is very free form when it comes to computers as they play nicely with analog and digital hardware. There are many routes to go, from inexpensive computer speakers, studio monitors, and home theater receivers to esoteric audiophile brands. For most consumer applications, there's not much reason to use any dedicated computer hardware as digital out is digital out. Audio can be outputted via the analog outputs, SPDIF, Firewire, USB, HDMI (GPU dependent), DisplayPort (GPU dependent), and Bluetooth out-of-the-box. Other formats can be added via upgrades.

    Prosumer/Professional Audio

    Professional hardware is less of a grab bag than consumer audio as Mac OS has a very long and proud history as the defacto choice for studios, audio engineers, and musicians. CoreAudio supports low-latency multichannel audio interfaces without any specialized drivers. For most audio interfaces, the basic functionality works out of the box. That said, audio interfaces come in various formats, like PCIe Cards, USB, Firewire, and Thunderbolt, and additional functionality can be tied to both the drivers and compatible software.

    CoreAudio allows device aggregation, which will map multiple pieces of hardware to appear to software applications as a single device, making it easier to assign inputs and outputs to a software application. Listing compatible hardware would be a losing game for this guide as there are decades worth of compatible gear. Most USB audio interfaces are HID-compliant, meaning even cheapo-USB audio boxes designed for Windows generally are compatible on a fundamental level with Mac OS. However, if they rely on additional drivers, they may not work with Mac OS. It's best to do your research. Hardware makers like Ableton, AKIA, Apogee, Behringer, Focusrite, IK, Korg, Line, M-Audio, MOTU, Native Instruments, Numark, Presonus, RME, Steinberg Tascam, Universal Audio, and Yamaha make almost exclusively hardware compatible for both Mac OS and Windows (not one or the other). There's plenty more I didn't list. Again, I must stress about doing your homework. Most likely, the piece of PC audio gear you have your eyes on is Mac-compatible.

    CoreAudio also supports by default Midi, which can be done via Midi interfaces or via USB. For general midi devices, no specialized drivers are needed, but often additional drivers are needed for extended functionality like saving presets or configuration settings (it's worth noting some devices can also use esoteric midi commands to perform these same settings as well).

    Overall, the Mac Pro is a very capable audio workstation and more than capable of professional work even today. That said, as audio applications become more advanced/complicated/full-featured/robust, as do the CPU requirements. Your mileage will inevitably depend on the number of software instruments/synths/effects and their combined requirements, but audio software has a much lower bar for hardware requirements than video.

    Lastly, the Mac Pro 3.1s and below do not support SSE 4.2 CPU instructions. I have personally encountered with Serato DJ that an 8-core 2.8 GHz Mac Pro 3,1 with 20 GB of RAM would often display buggy behavior and latency, whereas even a modest 2013 quad-core i5 MacBook Pro with 8 GB of RAM and a Mac Pro 5,1 had absolutely zero problems running this software. I wouldn't be surprised if other software suffers under older Mac Pros as well, although Logic, Cubase, and Ableton all ran adequately on a 3,1 Mac Pro.

    There's no real hard-fast rule to determine what audio projects require. It largely depends on how many audio tracks, virtual instruments, and plugins are being run and how efficient each one is. RAM usage is generally determined by the number of audio tracks and the size of the sample libraries. With memory compression introduced in Mavericks 10.9, macOS is pretty efficient.

    Audio over HDMI

    See the GPU section of this guide.

    Audio over Thunderbolt

    Audio interfaces tend to be one of the most desirable applications to use Thunderbolt 3.

    See the Thunderbolt section of this guide.

    Pro-audio Applications and the Classic Mac Pro

    The classic Mac Pro remains wildly popular in the audio world as they're fairly quiet and sport PCIe slots and large amounts of RAM, and for many cases, still fast enough, especially the 5,1s outfitted with dual 6-Core CPUs.

    Users reported that Massive X requires AVX which is a CPU instruction set not found on the classic Mac Pro.



    Other Upgrades

    Blu Ray / Blu Ray Writer

    The Mac Pro can use any SATA or USB 3.0 Blu-Ray Drive as Blu-Ray is ISO compliant. Thus no individual drivers are needed, but macOS does not have native support for Blu-Ray disc creation or watching Blu-Ray movies. VLC supports Blu-Ray playback in all its HD glory, and Roxio Toast can burn Blu-Ray disks. There's also plenty of software for ripping Blu-Rays for macOS. If you're wondering why you'd want a Blu-Ray, see House of Moth (Jay) 's blog post on reasons why such as much longer shelf-life than CD/DVDs. Notably, VLC has 4k and 8k hardware decoding, HDR10 support, and Blu-Ray Java menus. However, this only works on unencrypted media. Using VLC to playback Blu-Ray is a bit of an adventure, and iMore.com has a review of the existing options. I had better luck than the reviewer with VLC, but it wasn't pretty. The LG Black 12X BD-ROM 16X DVD-ROM 48X CD-ROM SATA Internal Blu-ray Burner is a popular model with several reviews confirming Mac OS X support and in Classic Mac Pros.

    Fan Control

    Macs Fan Control is the champion of the best fan control software, allowing users to use different thermal sensors to control fan clusters or other values. The best parts are the application is free, and there's both a Mac and Windows port.

    Macs Fan Control

    Mojave has its own share of users experiencing fan rev-ups. A forum user at MacRumors wrote a simple app Airout to stress the GPU quickly to cause the fans to rev back to a normal speed.

    Accessing the hidden SATA ports on a Mac Pro 1,1s/2,1/3,1

    Mac Pro 1,1 - 3,1 hidden SATA ports

    The Mac Pro 1,1 through 3,1s have two unused SATA ports located in the upper left corner of the motherboard, behind the fan assembly under drive bay 1. These later were co-opted for the SATA optical drives on the 4,1 and 5,1s when Apple and Intel removed the ATAPI controller. Accessing them requires taking out the fan assembly, which is relatively easy. Clever hardware hackers have routed the cables into the optical bay.

    First, remove the CPU cover. It has no screws and only takes reaching to the underside to remove. The fan assembly only has two screws to remove (pictured below). One is located under the fan assembly's lip next to the CPU, and the other is easily accessed where the assembly is connected to the motherboard. After these are removed, they can then be slid out.

    Removing the fan assembly

    PCIe expansion

    The Mac Pros do support PCIe expansion chassis. Specialty companies like Cubix and Dynapower USA Netstor series make macOS compatible PCIe expanders, generally taking a 16x PCIe slot as a host and dividing its bandwidth into more PCIe slots. These do not come cheap as they're uncommon.

    Mac Pro Pixlas PSU Mod

    Mac Pro 5,1 Pixlas Mod

    Pictured: Mac Pro during the final portion of Pixlas mod

    The Pixlas mod is a power supply-specific modification to draw taps directly from the PSU as opposed to using the standard PCIe power cables. Apple's implementation of the PCIe power taps is non-standard, delivering roughly 130w max per tap, above most PCs of the era, but unable to make the full power draw needed for the 250+ watts required for extreme-end GPUs.

    When a GPU draws too much power, it'll trigger an immediate shutdown. This generally happens with GPUs like the Vega 56 running Vega 64 Bios (normal Vega 56s are fine), Vega 64, Radeon VII, 5700 XT, and GeForce 1080/1080 Ti. The auto-shutdown occurs to protect the motherboard leads.

    The modification works by bypassing the high-gauge leads on the motherboard and going directly to the PSU. Users have been running this modification safely for years.

    Mac-build specialist Big Little Frank has run 2x GeForce 1080 Ti + NVMe successfully using the Pixlas modification.

    Normally, I try to shy away from personal anecdotes in this guide, but I followed House of Moth's guide as it comes with both a blog post and an additional video. The upgrade isn't for the faint of heart, but with the online resources, even someone as a novice with electrical components as myself (I can install a power outlet, but that's as far as I'd go) was able to complete it without destroying my computer. Changing the CPUs is more precarious than the Pixlas mod.

    There are Pixlas kits floating about, but the specialized cable Jay uses in his guide is often hard to acquire/out-of-stock/slow delivery. I used a generic set of T-taps I bought on Amazon.com and an 8-Pin Male to Dual 2X 8 Pin and cut the singular 8 pin end off and stripped the wire (the exact cable I used, but I'd recommend getting one that's a bit longer for a bit more flexibility).

    External Power Supplies

    To mitigate the stress on the Mac Pro's power supply (tallying in at 980w of power), some users use external PSUs for their GPUs, especially if they have two high-end GPUs such as the GeForce GTX 1080 as they peak at 250w power.

    Replacing the Battery

    Over the years, batteries can go bad and cause errant behaviors (generally resolved temporarily by zapping the NVRAM, holding down command-shift-p-r). The Mac Pro uses a 3-volt BR2032, located on most models above the bottom PCIe slot.

    NorthBridge High-Temperature fix

    The NorthBridge chipset is the host bridge chipset found on modern x86 computers. It is connected directly to the CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) and manages the highest performance activities (PCIe, RAM), and is usually paired with a SouthBridge chipset that handles other interfaces (USB, PCI, IDE, etc.). More recent Intel architecture has integrated the NorthBridge design into the CPU.

    The NorthBridge chipset runs typically hot, to begin with, around 65C/150F, but there have been a few owners who've had extraordinarily high temps (120C/250F) or have noticed NorthBridge Heatsink damage. Fortunately, users have tips for fixes.

    3D Printed Replacement Hard Drive Trays / 2.5-inch Adapters

    The 3D printing community has a solution for Mac Pros missing hard drive trays or ones for different screw positions that newer HDDs use. These are free to download and can be printed at home or at various companies that offer 3D printing services.

    Fan / Heat Sink / other case part Replacement

    Shops like dvwarehouse, welovemacs, and macpartsonline carry parts for classic Mac Pros. eBay also tends to be popular grounds for finding classic Mac Pro replacement pieces.

    Replacing the Mac Pro fans with 3rd party fans is not recommended unless you have a very strong desire to tinker. The Mac Pro fans operate at "silent" in low RPMs, making them on par with typical "silent" PC case fans. They can move a lot more cubic feet per minute of air (CFM) than many silent fans as they have very large RPM ranges running between 800-5200 RPMs (the PCI chamber fans have a range of 800-4500, PSU/Exhaust/intake fans 800-2800 and the Boost fans 800-5200). Also, in most Mac Pros running modern GPUs, the GPU fans are more likely to be the loudest component as the GPU has the largest power draw. As the adage goes, watts in = heat out. Thus, GPU cooling modifications are likely to result in a larger reduction in heat/sound.

    The bigger problem is that the Mac Pros use custom fan RPM controls, and thus the Mac cannot detect the fan RPMs, causing them to run at the maximum speed for the offending set of fans. Thus, the solutions are fairly limited: users can either install custom manual fan controls. There's a MacRumors post detailing a few users' experiences, including using PWM NA-FC1 PWM controller or create a custom PCB, as outlined in MacProUpgrade (requires membership via FaceBook). If absolute silence is the endgame, the most sure-fire way to silence a computer is to build or buy a computer isolation box, which is sometimes found in studios.

    For the same reason as replacing the fans, liquid cooling is extremely uncommon. A user sent me a decade+ old YouTube video Asetek Liquid Cooled & Overclocked Apple Mac Pro. The 2008 Mac Pros had an overlocking utility that somewhat worked, unlike other Mac Pros that worked in 10.6.

    Custom Front USB 3.0 PCB

    In one of the more technical-yet-impressively-cool upgrades, MacRumors forum member MaikPfaffenrath designed and manufactured a custom replacement Printed Circuit Board (PCB) to replace the front-facing USB 2.0 ports with 3.0 ports.

    iPhone as a webcam

    Since many people are virtually these days, webcams are in short supply. This isn't Mac Pro specific, but the iPhone's cameras are higher quality than pretty much all dedicated webcams and have decent audio to boot. I wrote a short guide on How to use Zoom with external webcams, iPhones / Android Phone, and/or Snap Camera on MacOS.

    This isn't the only vector, as you can use NDI HX, but it requires more setup. OBS-NDI also interfaces with professional cameras, so it is possible to use studio cameras in video conferencing, too.

    Custom Cases

    To date, I'm not aware of anyone who's successfully transitioned a Mac Pro into a PC case. The Dune PC case comes up often in Mac Pro groups as a source of interest, but the following hurdles would have to be addressed, among other things:

    • Custom Backplane
    • Custom Front plate
    • Non-standard PSU
    • Custom Motherboard Mount
    • Custom PCB for fans or fan custom system to manage fans for cooling
    • Machining a mechanism for the CPU Trays (or RAM Trays, depending on the model)
    • Antennas for wifi (if using internal miniPCIe slot)

    The immense hurdles have left case replacements almost exclusively to Mac Pro -> Mac Pro. It's an exercise of frivolity and would be a technical feat but void of practical gains sans (possibility) more drive bays. The Mac Pro's case is one of the most loved features of the Mac Pro for its zoned cooling, extremely easy-to-access bays, and CPU, and RAM.

    Boot Managers

    Due to the nature of the Metal requirements of Mojave, many users have had to eschew their old GPUs for Metal-compatible CPUs that do not display the EFI boot screen. There are a few options available to Mac users. However, boot managers are not required for dual-booting to Windows. I personally recommend using the brigadier method of installing Bootcamp drivers that support APFS rather than using a boot manager or using opencore. See the Windows 10 section for more details. L

    Look up serial Number

    This may seem like an odd thing to do, but if you're buying a used Mac Pro 5.1, you may want to see a computer's stock information to see if the Mac was originally a 4,1 Mac Pro. This can be done at sites like appleserialnumberinfo.com.

    Linux on 2006 Mac Pros

    Running Linux on 32-bit EFI Macs takes more effort than 64-bit EFI Macs to run the 64-bit distros. Below are guides on running Linux on older Macs.

    Windows 10 on Mac Pros

    Officially Apple does not support Bootcamp with Windows 10 on the Mac Pro 5.1s, but that shouldn't stop anyone. I've personally used Windows 10 on both a 3,1 and 5,1 Mac Pro. Running Bootcamp on separate drives will make your life easier. Installing Windows via USB installers is not recommended as it has managed to mess up some people's Mac Pros when trying to install in UEFI mode, which can harm the firmware. Installing off an optical disk runs in legacy mode. Legacy mode is required for Mac Pro compatibility unless running OpenCore.

    By default, the Apple boot camp drivers for the 3,1 - 5,1 do not support APFS boot drives, meaning they cannot be selected from the Windows Boot Camp control panel. This can be bypassed using the brigadier utility and installing the new Bootcamp drive utility for Windows. Using this method, it's easy to operate your Mac Pro without a boot screen as everything is native. There are two popular methods two are installing Windows 10 via optical drive or Virtualbox, although some users have reported success using utilities like Rufus.

    For the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1s, it's highly recommended to update to the latest firmware to ensure compatibility with later gen GPUs as some users have had issues getting video to output or to get the Bootcamp utility to function properly.

    Windows 10 Install via Optical Drive

    The entire install process is outlined in the following post: MacRumors: How to: Boot Camp without a Boot Screen. The process is as follows: Install Windows 10 in Legacy mode (if not installed already this way), Download Brigadier, and use it to install the correct drivers for your Mac Pro 5,1. After it's installed, use Brigadier to uninstall the control panel. Then, install the iMac Pro's control panel for APFS support so you can reboot to 10.13+ with APFS volumes.

    Windows 10 Install via Virtualbox

    The other recommended method is to use the Install Windows on MacPro 5,1 on physical drive through Virtualbox method, as it will install Windows 10 in legacy mode and does not require shutting down macOS during the install method. This process requires the use of free virtualization software, Virtualbox. Afterward, go to MacRumors: How to: Boot Camp without a Boot Screen and follow from step 15 to install the correct version of the Bootcamp startup utility.

    As a bonus, using this method will preconfigure access to Windows 10 with Virtualbox. This means if you are in macOS, you can still launch Windows 10 as a virtual machine and interact with your Windows drive such as performing updates, running Windows-only software like Quickbooks without rebooting, downloading/installing large items like Steam games while still in macOS (and rebooting when updates are done or games installed, etc.)

    Many users like using a boot manager utility, but users only using Windows and macOS. They are not required to use the brigadier method.

    Windows 10 and Mac Pro 1,1 - 2,1s

    You can run Windows 10 x64 on the very old Mac Pros, following Installing Windows 7/10 x64 on Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 or Native Install Windows 10 on mac pro 1,1 / 2,1 without USB or DVD or Bootcamp.

    Currently, it seems feasible, according to scattered forum posts, that you can install Boot Configuration Data on a SATA drive and use an NVMe drive. This also applies to the Mac Pro 3,1.

    Windows 10 and OpenCore

    OpenCore most likely will create issues for Windows 10 installs that were installed using legacy mode but are compatible with modern installations using a USB stick. See MacRumors: Windows 10 install on OpenCore cMP 5,1? and also Joerg's "HowTo": Bootcamp your (OCed) Mac (without using Bootcamp) video. OpenCore is the only reliable way to run Windows 10 via NVMe.

    Users with existing Windows 10 installs can convert their installs. Microsoft offers MBR2GPT.exe as a free-to-download utility for editing the Master boot Record without modifying/deleting any other data. This can be used to update Windows to legacy (bios) to UEFI, and it includes a video explaining the process. Also, there are YouTube videos that cover the same process.

    Another vector is to use the method know as bridge booting for legacy support.

    If you do not want to use the Native method, see the Boot Managers section for more information related to managing Windows 10 / Mac OS booting with an EFIless GPU (a graphics card incapable of displaying video before drivers are loaded).

    Enabling Handoff/Continuity

    The Mac Pros for Handoff/Continuity require using the Continuity-Activation-Tool to enable it once the hardware requirements have been met. The Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s cannot use Handoff/Continuity due to OS limitations.

    • Mac Pro 3,1 requires BCM94360CD (Airport Extreme)
    • Mac Pro 4,1/5,1 requires Bluetooth Adapter + original wifi Chipset OR BCM94360CD (Airport Extreme).

    Source for above: Continuity-Activation-Tool

    Enabling Nightshift on Mac Pros

    Sometimes hardware support is entirely arbitrary, as in the case of Nightshift. Nightshift can be enabled in 10.14+ Mojave using a nifty script written by a community member.

    Enabling Apple Watch Auto Unlock with the Mac Pro

    Officially Apple does not support classic Mac Pros for Apple Watch Auto Unlock. Of course, enterprising users have figured out how to enable it, but it requires disabling SIP and a few terminal commands. Notably, you'll need a Mojave-compatible Airport card.

    Sidecar and the Classic Mac Pros (and 2013)

    Sidecar allows an iPad to be used as a secondary display, and the Apple Pencil can be used akin to a Wacom stylus with pressure sensitivity. Sidecar can be enabled on many non-officially supported Macs using various projects/instructions, but thus far, no one has successfully run Sidecar any system without an integrated GPU or a T2 chipset.

    I posed this question in an OpenCore group, and a few notables, including OpenCore gurus Martin Lo and John DeGroof, had a quick discussion/debate. I seemed unable to really produce or reach a consensus as to why. My theory is that Sidecar uses Apple's Video Toolbox framework's VTCompression acceleration (supported in popular applications like Handbrake). Hardware VTCompression allows for hardware acceleration to encode video. It requires a computer with either Intel's QuickSync or Apple's T2 or Apple Silicon (where the T2 is baked into the SOC). This would explain why neither the classic Mac Pro nor Mac Pro 2013 cannot run Sidecar, and yet later Xeon systems (the 2019 Mac Pro or the iMac Pro) can, and how older MacBooks and Mac Minis can run Sidecar. Meanwhile, Martin Lo suspects it could be requiring a CPU instruction set or (possibly) DRM.

    How to Update the Recovery Partition in High Sierra on unsupported Macs / fix security Updates

    High Sierra Security Updates will often fail on unsupported Macs as they require updates to the Recovery Partition. Luckily, MacRumors readers have concocted a script to automate this process.

    Multi-OS USB Bootable Flash Drives

    Recently in the Mac Pro forums, a user linked a "Five in one" USB solution that includes five versions of macOS on a single USB. These can be easily created by users following the directions from Apple, How to create a bootable installer for macOS. The only difference is the user first must divide the USB flash drive into multiple partitions (large enough for the Mac OS installers), which Apple also provides Partition a physical disk using Disk Utility on Mac.

    Upgrading from a single CPU to dual CPU on a 2009 - 2012

    It is possible to upgrade any 4,1/5,1 from a single CPU to a dual CPU, but this requires a dual CPU tray, which is uncommon and often costs as much as an entire used Mac Pro. They occasionally do pop-up when someone parts out a non-functional Mac Pro.

    Notably, you cannot use the trays from Mac Pro 5,1 in a 4,1 even if the Mac Pro is flashed to 5.1. When 4,1 is flashed to 5.1, the tray and backplane SMC are not updated and stay at 1.39f5. The 2010-2012 are at version 1.39f11. Trying to use a tray with a different SMC than the backplane confuses the fans, causing them to go into full leaf blower mode.

    You cannot swap CPU trays from 4,1 (2009) Mac Pros with 5,1 (2010-2012).

    Oculus Quest/Quest 2 and the Mac Pro (and other VR headsets)

    Yes, you can use popular VR headsets with the classic Mac Pro, and they will run fine, assuming you have Windows, the appropriate software (Oculus Link for the Quest, Steam VR, current drivers for your AMD GPU), a powerful GPU, a USB 3.0 card that delivers high bandwidth, and proper cabling. I've written a mini-guide and made a video on the topic.



    Diagnosing Issues / Troubleshooting

    This section is a work in progress...

    Determining if a problem is a hardware or software issue can be difficult. The best resource for troubleshooting is searching using a search engine like Google and entering in exact error messages or symptoms. Impressively, rarely do Mac Pros have Apple-specific hardware failures, thus if hardware, the most likely culprit is a component: storage, RAM, GPU, etc.

    Your computer needs a firmware update to install to this volume. Choose a Mac OS Extended Journaled volume instead.

    This is a common issue for Catalina and recovery mode on Mac Pros. You'll need to Turn on VMM and turn off SMBIOS spoofing. See MacRumors thread for details.

    Time Machine: An Error Occurred Restoring from Backup

    A common issue (not for Mac Pros but for Macs in general) is Time Machine failing to restore from a backup.

    1. Boot off a recovery partition or bootable installer, reinstall macOS
    2. At the end of the installation, you will see the Migration Assistant. Select transfer files from another computer/device/Time Machine, then select your time machine drive

    Following this process will restore all your applications/documents/preferences and configuration.

    RAM isn't Running at 1333 MHz after a CPU upgrade

    A MacProUpgrade (requires membership) user noted after upgrading his CPUs that it lowered his 1333 MHz ram to 1066. Resetting the NVRAM resolved the issue. (see glossary for more info on the NVRAM).

    OS Installer is Damaged error

    See the OS Installer is Damaged error for more details.

    Can't get to the option-boot EFI screen

    A user of MacRumors discovered that the keyboard he was using was at the core of his issues trying to use boot key commands. The problem was remedied by swapping keyboards.

    Can't put the Mac to sleep

    Occasionally, cued print jobs can interrupt the ability of a Mac Pro to sleep. Other issues can be PCIe cards, notoriously USB cards that require external power will interrupt the Mac's ability to sleep. It can even prevent the Mac Pro from shutting down.

    Internal Light error codes

    The Mac Pros include a series of LEDs to help troubleshoot the computer. They are located near the back of the logic board, next to the PCI slot #1.

    • One short flash followed by a longer off period: No valid memory.
    • Three short flashes followed by a longer off period: Failed memory.

    Below is a quote from Apple's service manuals.

    Diagnostic LEDs

    You can view these LEDs by removing the computer's side access panel and looking through the memory cage to the logic board below. LEDs 2, 3, 4, and 5 are normally off and will automatically illuminate if an error occurs. To read LEDs 1, 6, 7, and 8, you must press the DIAG_LED button, which is adjacent to the LEDs (white button to the right). To press the DIAG_LED button, use a nylon probe tool.

    Power Supply Verification

    To power on, the computer's logic board requires "trickle" power. If the system fails to power on, first reset the SMC. If the computer still doesn't power on, follow the procedure outlined below to determine whether the issue is related to the power supply.

    Verify trickle power

    Diagnostic LED 1 indicates the presence of trickle power required by the logic board to begin the startup process. LED 1 should be yellow when the DIAG_ LED button is pressed, indicating that trickle voltage is present.

    Verify Power Supply Is Providing Power

    Diagnostic LED 7 indicates that the main power is OK and within regulation. Plugin AC power cord, and press the power-on button on the front panel. LED 7 should be green when the DIAG_ LED button is pressed, indicating that the main power is OK and within regulation.

    Bent Handles

    A semi-common issue is the Mac Pro handles are slightly prone to bending. A youtube video shows the process one user took to rebend his handles. (The video can be slightly disorienting as the user seems to have used an aggressive digital stabilization warp that creates a bizarre effect)



    A word on Malware Protection

    I urge users to install Malware protection. Personally, I rely on Malwarebyte. Anyone who has done the same or has irreplaceable data should do the same. That said, rather than write an entirely new section dedicated to Malware protection. I'm going to recommend reading HouseOfMoth: Do I need malware protection?

    I strongly agree with Jay's run-down and recommendations. If you have never run any malware protection because "I've never used AV and never had a problem" or "Macs don't get viruses" and read HouseOfMoth: Do I need malware protection?



    Service Manuals

    All the support manuals can be found at Apple.com - Manuals - Mac Pro, but for ease of use, I've organized them in this section. Notably, the 4,1/5,1 Mac Pros (2009, 2010-2012) are very similar internally; thus, any 2009/2010 manual works for the 2012 Mac Pro.

    Note: All the manuals are linked are PDFs.

    User Guide Manuals

    Instruction Manuals



    Buyers Guide

    At this point in time, the classic Mac Pros and Mac Pro 2013s are many years out of officially supported with Apple due to drop support any day. With the continued high price of used GPUs, they should be best thought of as legacy hardware. It is possible to drive one daily, but most users would be better off buying a used Mac Mini M1 or M2 as they have plummeted in price.

    Buying Used Mac Pros on eBay

    Seeing as the Mac Pros are no longer made, used markets are the only places to find Mac Pros. I bought my 2008 Mac Pro from Apple but, bought my 2010 from eBay. I had a good experience.

    If you're here, I assume you already are a capable user, but it bears repeating the Mac Pro is not a value conscience decision or a pain-free one. The Mac Pro is a tinkering box and is ideal for a certain class of users. It's by far the best computer Apple has ever engineered, and possibly any computer maker has ever produced, for its sheer longevity and insane upgradability.

    This may seem obvious, but it bears repeating: local is almost always cheaper than eBay. Check Craigslist and FaceBook marketplace.

    Users love to point out absurdly bad deals on user groups. This isn't always what it appears to be. Frequently on eBay, hardware will be listed many times more than what it is worth. This is often a strategy for larger vendors to keep the SEO alive (and possibly skirt listing charges) when they are out of stock. It's not uncommon to find a Mac Pro for sale for $10,000. The vendor has no intention to sell said hardware, and if for some reason they get an order, they can then spend the money or effort to acquire said item and resale it.

    • If considering a single CPU Mac Pro, Dual CPU trays for Mac Pro 4,1/5,1s are hard to come by and often cost nearly as much as the computer itself (sometimes more).
    • The Dual CPU 2009 (4,1) Mac Pro is considered the upgraders choice as they're very hackable, and it only takes a firmware flash to convert them to a Mac Pro 5.1. The only caveat is upgrading the CPUs requires delidding them on the dual CPU tray.
    • Used CPUs can be found on quite a few sites for reasonable deals. The X5690 is the fastest CPU money can buy for the Mac Pro 4,1/5,1, but the X5680 is roughly half the price, making it the bargain upgrade. Look for these CPUs on sites like AliExpress, as they're generally cheaper.
    • Some sellers sell 5,1 Mac Pros, formerly 4,1s upgraded. Some sellers mislabel the Mac Pro as "Mac Pro G5" or are unable to identify its generation. If you're unsure, or the seller is, the serial number can tell you when the computer was manufactured or its model type. Also, you can request a photo of the computer with the panel removed to identify it as 4,1/5,1.
    • Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s haven't been able to run later than OS X 10.11, which limits their longevity or utility. Personally, I would not invest any money into a Mac Pro 1,1/2,1 at any price.
    • The Mac Pro 3,1 can run the latest OS X with minor hacks, making them bargains, but are limited in upgrades and performance. 10.12+ will break wifi if the internal chipset isn't replaced or another is added. 10.14+ requires a metal GPU.
    • The best Mac Pro 3,1 is considerably slower than a single CPU 6-Core Mac Pro 4,1/5,1.
    • 2010 and 2012 Mac Pros are virtually the same. There are no performance differences other than the base configurations.
    • Markets vary quite a bit based on geo-location. Based on my limited observation, North America is considerably cheaper than the rest of the world.
      • </li>


    Collected Articles on classic Mac Pro and the 2019 Mac Pro



    Communities & Blogs

    You're not alone. There are more people out there than you'd think who still love the classic Mac Pro.

    • MacRumors Mac Pro Forum - The center of the Mac Pro universe, if it's happening, it's probably here. My go-to for sourcing information, as one can gather by reading this guide.
    • MacProUpgrade - The premier Facebook group, very international with Mac Pro users across the globe. It requires requesting access, but if they let anyone in, I'm there. Also, it is a strangely friendly and nice community. They are always willing to answer questions from the obscure to novice and have a lot of high-tier creative professionals who can answer your questions about AVID, Premier, FCPX (etc.) related to your Mac Pro.
    • Mac Pro Users - Another major FaceBook group for Mac Pro users, smaller but still helpful, and it has the benefit of being public too (no signup process and can be browsed without a Facebook account). Helpful and friendly community with a lot of creative professionals too.
    • Reddit.com/r/macpro - not a Redditor myself but another group that is fairly active and has the benefit of not being under the regrettable Facebook umbrella.
    • House of Moth - Jay's mac related blog, it's not explicitly Mac Pro related but has probably the best guide on the Pixlas mod and delves into old Mac hardware in super-geeky ways (in a good way). I name-check his blog a few times here for a good reason.
    • Mac Pro Discord This is an offshoot of the Reddit Mac Pro group.
    • Quinn's Tech Corner This is a small but growing group of retro Mac enthusiasts, not Mac Pro-centric, but if you're interested in retro PowerPC Mac emulation, this is a good start.
    • eGPU.io - Not classic Mac Pro related in the slightest, but where I go for Thunderbolt information
    • Netkas - Blog related to GPU flashing and hacking
    • forums.netkas.org - The original group of firmware flashers for GPUs.
    • blog.greggant.com/topics/#macpro - I've written for six years now semi-frequent Mac Pro-related blog posts.


    Other Guides

    I'm hardly the sole source of Mac upgrade guides. In the spirit of the web, I used to remember.

    Mac Pro 2013 Upgrade guide

    Looking for information about the cylinders? It started out as a joke, but it is real! The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro (2013) Upgrade Guide



    Mac Pro 2019 Upgrade Guide?

    header

    Here we go again, The Definitive Mac Pro 2019 7,1 Upgrade Guide beta is now public, 100% ad-free and open to the world.



    PDF version of this guide

    A few readers have requested PDF versions of this guide. It is important to note that a PDF will not contain the most current information as this blog post is continually updated. I encourage people to use the HTML version of this guide as it'll provide the best experience.

    That said, instead of maintaining a separate PDF Version, I've included CSS (styling) to my blog to make printing better, capping the image sizes, slightly reducing the font size, and expanding the column to make use of a full page. This reduces the page count by about 1/5. If you would like a PDF version of this guide, hit print from any Mac web browser. I recommend Safari to ensure that the links within the guide work. In the printer dialogue, click the "PDF" dropdown in the lower-left corner of the printer box and hit "Save As PDF". All the links contained will work when viewed from Preview.

    You do not need a printer connected to print to PDF.



    Changelog

    Due to the ever-evolving list of possible upgrades and hacks, this guide is a living document, and thus, the information contained may change; I've included a robust log of recent changes to help repeat visitors discover new content. Making and maintaining this guide takes a fair amount of work, and user feedback is greatly appreciated to make this the most accurate/best guide possible. If you have new information not included here, suggestions, corrections, or edits, please feel free to contact me. I get a fair amount of questions and may not reply promptly or at all. I apologize in advance, but this blog has zero advertisements or any monetization; thus, everything is in my own free time. It makes more sense for me to refine this guide so I can assist the most people possible vs 1:1 support. I'd recommend asking the MacRumors forum, Reddit or one of the Facebook upgrade groups first as I'm just one person vs. the collective intelligence of a community.

    12/23/24 - For once I managed to shave out several hundred words. Another major round of copy editing, removed dated info around OpenCore, and trimmed it down, trimmed down buyers guide, added a few minor missing bits like Nvidia 4000 series compatibility, realized I never mentioned Sequoia, so that has been updated .

    05/26/24 - HTML errors are now gone.

    05/22/24 - Mostly corrections.

    08/27/23 - Starting the long path of updates for Sonoma. Added Patreon.

    12/24/22 - Lots of editing and Typo corrections, cleaning up on language around Monterey and Ventura.

    12/23/22 - Typo corrections, added prelim info about the 7900 XT. A few more lines about Ventura and OCLP.

    10/11/22 - Typo corrections, links to flashing video for 6600-6900 XT by MacSoundSolutions

    07/26/22 - There isn't much to report on the Ventura front but I put some notes in. Added Fast Resource Loading API / DirectStorage API notes.

    05/07/22 - 4 years of updates, Minor correction.

    04/25/22 - OpenCore section clean up, updated the most powerful GPU section to reflect the Navi 21 GPUs.

    04/23/22 - 04/24/22 - Cleaned up 6000 series info section, removed old 6000 video and replaced with new video.

    04/22/22 - Info about the 6000 series flashable

    04/18/22 - More info on RAM Ranks and mentions, added link to more recent test on RAM.

    04/17/22 - 6800 XT firmware notes regarding AVX. General typos and grammar corrections.

    04/16/22 - Added notes about the 6800 XT and MacVidCards.eu and liquid cooling, added links on CPU replacement (finally). Removed out of date text on the Mac Pro 2019 section. Finally added RAM ranks (finally)

    01/27/22 - Delidded single CPU note

    01/23/22 - GPU updates + communties

    01/02/22 - Linked video on Thunderbolt 3.

    12/27/21 - Some minor restructuring started in the OS upgrades section, added 6600 XT info.

    12/19/21 - Added video about Mac Pro versioning. Added MonteRand link to the OS section.

    10/30/21 - Updated OpenCore Monterey Info.

    10/22/21 - Added AMD 6800 - 6900 XT to GPU section

    10/12/21 - Added Nvidia vs Apple video to GPU section

    10/07/21 - Added tip jar section

    10/06/21 - Tweaks to info about OpenCore and linked video showing the 11.6 upgrade process.

    10/03/21 - The Mac Pro Isn't Dead video added to special announcements, added House of Moth's Quick guide to installing OpenCore on a Classic Mac Pro (cMP). I thought I linked it. I hadn't.

    10/01/21 - Bad news, that AMD 6800 you were dreaming about sticking into your classic Mac Pro may never work.

    09/28/21 - More cleanup for SurPlus and the latest OpenCore package with SurPlus.

    09/27/21 - Added references to SurPlus, depreciated LateBloom references.

    09/12/21 - Added more OpenCore notes, including a video by Jeorg for OpenCore the Basic Way: Latebloom.

    09/11/21 - Added notes about macOS 12 Monterey and OpenCore.

    09/10/21 - Added GPU video and R9 Nano to GPU list

    08/06/21 - Added image of 4,1 vs 5,1 CPU trays, thanks to Stuart Secker

    07/19/21 - Added archive.org links to previous updates of macOS

    07/12/21 - Added notes about LateBloom

    07/03/21 - Added link to the 256 GB Max RAM and changed the notes from me speculating OpenCore would enable 256GB bootable macOS to actual confirmation. Pretty impressive that at 12 year old computer could potentially have 256 GBs of RAM as even today that's a very significant amount.

    05/31/21 - Added notes about Sidecar

    05/21/21 - OpenCore can boot with 32 GB Dimms. OpenCore may have solved the 11.3 Big Sur issues. What can't OpenCore do?

    05/10/21 - Correction about ASM2824 and the PLX8747, misindentified the PLX8747 as a part number and not a chipset, oh well, at least I can correct it. Oh hey, this blog post is now 3 years old!

    05/01/21 - Notes about Windows 10 + firmware upgrades.

    04/24/21 - Info about Big Sur 11.3-11.4 and the new AMD GPUs.

    03/28/21 - Added 5,1 Firmware Upgrade Vid. Added note about RX 550s as they seem to be problematic.

    03/25/21 - Added section benchmarking SSDs.

    03/23/21 - Quick error fix thanks to reader where I conradicted myself and added Jay's Firmware update Guide.

    03/21/21 - Added info about 8k.

    03/18/21 - Minor copy edits. Fixed a render glitch caused by Jekyll 4's lower tolerance MD convertor.

    03/17/21 - Added info about RAID0 and latency. Noticed an error about NVMe running at PCIe 4x 1.0 (incorrect), and corrected it.

    03/16/21 - More copy editing, added LTERIVER and Febsmart USB cards to list of compatible cards. Added info about the ASM chipset and macOS

    03/15/21 - More copy editing

    03/14/21 - Another round of copy editing, caught an embarassing amount of typos and grammatical issues.

    03/13/21 - Added GeForce RTX 3000 series information. Much needed copy editing on the M1 Apple silicon section, some more typo corrections.

    03/08/21 - Added VR headset information, minor corrections in the index.

    03/05/21 - Added USB performance section.

    02/13/21 - Broken link fixed thanks to reader feedback.

    02/05/21 - Added USBc 3.2 Gen 2 notes and vid.

    01/23/21 - Added ASM2812 chipset info, fixed table glitch in card listings, added video about Radeon 56 flashing, removed link to Aliexpress memory as the listing had changed.

    01/06/21 - Updated APFS information, added second video, this time about NVMe. Minor edits.

    12/26/20 - NVMe host cards updated to include two more cards and with heatsink info. Windows 10 and Mac Pro 1,1s added.

    12/24/20 - Added the first of YouTube content to storage section.

    12/10/20 - Updates to the M.2 adapters, mis-labeled the OWC card's max speed as it is 8x. Added two cards. Noted problems with the Syba card.

    11/14/20 - Info about 3,1 thermal paste, a bit more on Apple Silicon.

    11/07/20 - Added Accessing hidden SATA Ports section.

    11/06/20 - Added photos of memory tray. Expect to see a a few more visuals to the guide in copy weeks. minor copy edits (typos, phrasing etc). If it seems like I'm obsessed with editing, many users are not native English speakers and us translation software. Clearly and correctly formatted sentences will yeild much better results for them.

    10/31/20 - minor edits (added note about Big Navi, link to opencore vid, etc)

    10/19/20 - Started expanding the contents index... its huge. Still need to present it in a more human way, probably with a nav. Added a bit more unnecessary info about the VII, added note about NVMe + OpenCore in storage and more up-to-date HDMI Audio. Added notes about PCIe 4.0 SSDs. Added link about unidentified apps from devs. Added to troubleshooting "Your computer needs a firmware update to install to this volume. Choose a Mac OS Extended Journaled volume instead." Added link on how to installl PCIe Cards to GPU section. Added link to lowendmac's facebook thread on Mac Pro 1,1 failed firmware updates.

    10/18/20 - Slightly updated OpenCore info, started adding more of the headers to the Contents, Added info about 8x PCIe 4.0 GPUs. Noted the last of SSE4 on Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s as well as introduction point of SSE4.

    10/05/20 - Updated with more Big Sur Data + Mac Pro 1,1 Firmware hacking info. Minor copy editing.

    07/03/20 - Big Sur update, slightly changed the intro.

    06/17/20 - Removed language around Mojave betas. Added info about Apple's NGFF.

    06/12/20 - More GPU corrections around R7/R9 GPUs. Fixed link to USB PCBs. Added custom case section.

    06/11/20 - Added link to Thunderbolt 3 guide. Correction on R7 260X GPU thanks to a reader. Added 3rd party monitor brightness section. Added Bridge boot method link for Win10. Added link to Noctua fan mod. Added link to fixing recovery partition in Catalina. Added latest OpenCore install instructions.

    06/05/20 - Minor copy editing.

    06/03/20 - Added info about MBR2GPT.exe for Windows 10. Windows 10 sections are linked at the top of the blog post. Thanks to MacProUpgrade members Antonio Adams, Adam Stokes for the assist in finding the info. Added 3D printed parts sections.

    06/03/20 - Added info about a successful ATX PSU replacement. Minor copy editing, mostly typos.

    06/02/20 - Mostly based on observing the community frequent issues. Minor udpates to troubleshooting, update bootcamp, minor update to clarification of Pixlas mod, Added clarification about DDR3 and heatsinks, added clarification on NVMe, Added clarification on ATX Power Supplies, added OpenCore to the mini glossary.

    05/25/20 - minor updates about finding firmware version. Minor error corrections thanks to user feedback on GPU section.

    05/11/20 - Minor clarification to 1,1/2,1 max ram. Edited the custom flashed cards section. At this point I might as well link MacVidCards in the interest of making this guide more complete. For some users, the EFI support is worth the premium. For me? Nah.

    05/07/20 - Two year anniversary, a few minor typos from new content. This guide has gone from 7000 -> 37,000 words in that space. Completed the Pixlas mod for my Mac Pro, linked Jay's Pixlas Mod vid.

    05/06/20 - more GPU section cleanup

    05/05/20 - GPU corrections thanks to readers! This section should have been done ages ago but due to the work involved, I put it off. Minor update to CPU trays swapping to be more clear. 10-bit, HDR info updated. Added link to PPI calculator.

    05/04/20 - Almost two years! Reworked the GPU section to now include massive list of GPU compatibility. I'm sure its not 100% correct yet but should be fairly accurate. Removed the old metal section. Incorporated reader feedback include GT 630 with flashing info.

    04/20/20 - Copy editing + correction on Thunderbolt Display being called Thundervolt Cinema Display.

    03/24/20 - Added links to PCIe 4.0 performance vs 2.0 and linked it the topics.

    03/04/20 - added list of GPUs that support Metal with boot screen. Added more to Open Core. Added more to SIP explination. minor editing. Added more to the Thunderbolt Display as users keep trying to pair it with the Mac Pro.

    02/29/20 - Thunderbolt 3 custom firmware has landed, also minor editing and added more info about visually identifying a Mac Pro, thanks to Peter R.M. Fitskie for kindly providing the images, he retains rights to the image.

    02/25/20 - minor editing.

    02/24/20 - Another OpenCore link, correction about Accelsior from a reader, Michel D., noticed the intro needed to be updated as the 2019 Mac Pro has been shipping.

    02/21/20 - Thunderbolt section updated and cleaned up.

    02/12/20 - Added another link to Best GPU section to provide more context. Added more OpenCore referenes in GPU section.

    02/03/20 - Added OpenCore section. Most likely this will become standard path for users running Catalina and later.

    01/23/20 - Minor glossary change.

    01/19/20 - Minor correction on GPU section.

    01/16/20 - PCIe Power clarification, including sources. Added Power Supply Section.

    01/15/20 - Added summary of SSDs.

    01/14/20 - bold glitch fix + very minor editing.

    01/13/20 - Happy 2020. Updated with OpenCore vs DOSdude, another round of copy editing.

    12/27/19 - Added 2019 section and another NVMe host .

    12/17/19 - Added NVRAM/PRAM definition, more unsupported Mojave GPUs, soft RAID info.

    12/16/19 - Added small section on RAID support. Added notes on RDIMMs vs UDIMMs and CAS Latency with RAM. Added more anchor tags and links in the Contents section. Minor edits.

    11/19/19 - Added description of Virtualbox Windows 10 install method, removed special announcement on chrome issue, added kext to glossary, Dosdude1 update warning.

    11/07/19 - Added alternate link for the Mac Pro 4,1 -> 5,1 utility

    11/06/19 - pretty cool, was informed this guide appears in this youtube video. Added Innie link + kekt description. Minor ram notes.

    11/05/19 - 5700 XT is now supported, and listed.

    10/31/19 - Windows 10 native clarification + x5700 link + link to techspot for CPU + OS Installer is Damaged error edit + fixed broken links in Blu-Ray section

    10/29/19 - As much as I want to clean up, more stuff keeps coming in. Info on AVX instruction sets, info Mac Pro 3,1 and NVme, Info on Max RAM issue with 3.1. Added much needed M.2 format info for cleanup and a PCIe m.2 host card table, more consistent use of links opening new windows.

    10/21/19 - In what has to be a first, I removed quite a bit of content. The OS section should be easier to digest. Updated notes in GPU section, removed some redundancy, oh and changed the graphic to Catalina instead of Mojave in OS section.

    10/18/19 - Reworking the GPU section has begun. I'm trying to list the Metal compatible GPUs. Expect this section to change considerably as I try to condesne and clean the information. Added notes to PCIe section about PCIe 2.0 vs 3.0 and GPUs.

    10/15/19 - Mostly copy editing, should be mostly typo-free. Add instructions on how to disable SIP and how to disable Gatekeeper. Switched Know Your Mac Models to tables. Added links to monitor review sites.

    10/12/19 - Added the Mac Pro 3,1 link for enabling a bootscreen with the 580x. Added mixing and matching GPUs. Added table view for firmware upgrades. Added DosDude1 notes.

    10/11/19 - Wrote a mini guide on upgrading Mac Pro 5,1 firmware and added it links to it as not to bog down this page with more images.

    10/07/19 - Added DosDude1 youtube link.

    10/04/19 - Changed language around Catalina as the 5.1s are officially unsupported. Added note about i7 CPU compatibility.

    09/26/19 - Added links for Windows 10 on external drive, 2.5 PCIe height card hack, booting to Recovery Mode with a web driver GPU, and short trouble-shooting firmware upgrades section.

    09/19/19 - Minor copy editing.

    09/10/19 - Happy Apple Event day. Added GeekBench 5 notes. Added a link about Mojave audio issues. Added note about Catalina support. Added custom PCB for front facing USB 3.0. Added Malware section which is essentialy a link to HouseOfMoth. Also added F.lux VS Night Shift. General typo and copy corrections.

    09/09/19 - Busy two weeks on this guide, trying to provide a base-level for novice users to become more aquanited with their hardware. Added a little more info to the Firmware section, such as how to check. Added intro text to the CPU section and info about instruction sets. A few minor corrections in the GPU section. Added links CPU upgrade and Northbridge. Added short explination of NorthBridge chipset. Added link for the Samsung 970 Evo Plus. Still more to do but the list is whittling down. Added information on screen refresh rates.

    09/06/19 - Added info on nightshift.

    09/05/19 - GPU section editing. Still needs work but more clear and organized, and up-to-date. Added notes about Continuity to be more correct. Added Night Shift on Unsupported Macs. Added bits vs. bytes as I believe it is helpful.

    09/04/19 - Added more current info about 32 GB DIMMs, one of the many things needed to be addressed.

    09/03/19 - The past month has been the most significant for this guide in the last 4-5 months due to the re-writing and information validation. Re-added the Audio section now with the long explanation hidden. Added info about Dual-Link DVI. Updated Handoff section with more correct information thanks to Peter K in the MacProUpgrade group.

    09/02/19 - error correction on SATA 3. Whoops, it was a typo too. Typo fixes. Slightly reduced intro. Ram Upgrades have more info on ECC.

    09/01/19 - Added link to Delidding CPUs to thehouseofmoth vid. Broke out delidding into own section.

    08/26/19 - Added Vega 56 Firmware flash info. Minor Corrections. Minor topic organization change in the GPU section.

    08/25/19 - I received feedback for a PDF version of this guide. Rather than maintain one, I've added some basic CSS for print rules that reduces the guide (as of writing this) from 85 to 62ish pages.

    08/19/19 - As planned, more rewriting. Reworked the Wifi section, now includes info on PCIe and USB. Reworked the Storage section to explain more about SATA, Time Machine, and SSD Memory types. The goal is both increase clarity, ease of reading, and onboard less-technical users.

    08/13/19 - Man, I have some great readers, Jamie S. emailed me with two updates, noting I hadn't listed the GeForce 680 GTX 4 GB flashing instructions (I meant to) and one I never considered, updating the recovery partition. Reworked displays section as it was one big ugly wad of text. Added info about 4k TVs, chroma subsampling. It's now a proper section Fixed JS error.

    08/05/19 - Grammar/punctuation edits. Moved "identify your mac" out of the PCIe section. Added RX 590 to GPU list. Added note about OWC overcharging for RX 580s as I find this egregious/predatory. Added Note about flashed RX 580s.

    08/02/19 - Added more info on PCIe power for clarification, added more info on bifurcation. NVMe cleanup. Table for OS support. Added xMP 2019 to the Mac Pro list. It's annoyed me I haven't followed a clear structure on many topics (sometimes 2006 Mac pros are listed first, while other times 2012). I'll start doing more house cleaning. Started a troubleshooting section which is opening pandora's box.

    07/17/19 - Added more info on Wifi chipsets (where to buy), and continuity. Added note on buying RAM. A few minor edits.

    07/10/19 - Fixed bad URL thanks to a reader. Noticed I had two boot manager sections and consolidated them.

    07/05/19 - Added more info about Bootcamp and Windows 10, more editing, typo fixes. Hid the old intro by default. Updated Intro. Added notes on THunderbolt 3. Added info about Vega chipset fans.

    06/26/19 - Added more notes about the Radeon 580s in Mac Pro 3.1s and the first notes on 10.15 Catalina. Also added notes on Mac Pro Processor trays. Minor clarification on Know your Mac Pro, and added DosDude1 as a definition

    06/03/19 - Fitting just north of the 1 year anniversary, the Mac Pro 2019 has been announced, and it is a beast. Those specs are beyond what I hoped for, and thus the price is beyond what I hoped for too, 2x the price of the 2006-2012 Mac Pros.

    06/03/19 - Happy WWDC day, let's see if we're all disappointed. Added info about the RX560 in Mac Pro 3.1s.

    05/17/19 - Editing, and clarity, Added how to install GPU section.

    05/18/19 - Linked Jay’s article on Blu-Ray and added notes about VLC and Blu-Ray drive, added better recommendation against 3.1s and NVMe, added incompatible NVMe list.

    05/13/19 - 10.14.5 notes on GPU AMD Radeon VII and added notes on enabling AMD video codec acceleration. Editing (typos + punctuation + corrections)

    05/11/19 - Now that this guide has matured. The new focus is organization. More cleanup. I noticed a few typos. Reordered things a little more in the GPU section and other places. I dislike to make executive recommendations on hardware, but I ended up bowling it down in the GPU section. If you disagree with me, do e-mail me.

    05/08/19 - Biggest update in a long time. Massive cleanup around the Firmware upgrades and OS upgrades sections as it annoyed me that the information wasn't organized well, better notes about Mojave on Mac OS 3.1s, better placement about 3.1s and NVMe, and lastly added a list of the firmware updates to the Mac Pro 5.1s. I tried to reduce redundancy. Reduced the GPU recommendation section to be less verbose and made it clearer. Removed warning about firmware and issued a general recommendation. Added a mini-glossary, added a few more anchors to sections. Still plenty more clean up to happen in the future.

    05/07/19 - One year anniversary! Added links to The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro 6.1 (2013) Upgrade Guide.

    05/03/19 - Hey, it's almost been one year for this blog post! Added notes about custom fans on Mac Pro and RX 580 drivers. Added links to articles on Mac Pro 3,1s and NVMe. Also, as always a few grammar/editing corrections.

    03/29/19 - Added the link the AMD Polaris/Vega GPU thread, added a note about 3.1s and Mojave GPU support. Minor typo corrections.

    03/11/19 - Reader Benjamin R noted I was missing the Quadro K5200 and sure enough there's a Mac version as well as K4200. Also listed the Firepro S10000 to list of natively compatible GPUs.

    03/05/19 - Added CPU check terminal command. Added version number, using the date, since this guide has evolved quite a bit and this gives repeat visitors a quick reference for when the guide was last updated. Updated Fusion drive section. Updated NVidia driver section only lists TonyMacX86's latest drivers rather than versions, and clarified RTX series. Added link to Expansion Slot Utility for Mac Pro 1,1/2,1s. Also, saw two FB users wondering if Apple bricked computers with the 142 firmware on purpose. I can assure you they did not. The W3xxx series aren't nearly as common, and if Apple wants to drop support, they can do so at any time. They do it frequently with major OS updates for both macOS and iOS. Why bother to play a cloak and daggers game and open themselves up to a potential class-action lawsuit? Not everything is a conspiracy (most things aren't in fact, youtube and social media is making us stupid), Occam's razor says this was an edge case that wasn't tested. As a developer, I can tell you this happens more than you ever want to know.

    03/04/19 - Created the Special Announcements, as the DP4 of Mojave 10.14.4 has a new firmware the bricks the higher-end CPUs. Added more notes to the firmware section. Minor copy edits/grammar-y corrections are littered through this update.

    02/27/19 - Wow, this guide is about 10 months old now has had nearly 50k visits. Added link to Mac Pro Users, added tables to PCIe section, clearer explanations on PCIe, linked a user confirming dual 5k displays and added a few lines to the eBay buying. Also took off a little of the AppleInsider slandering. It's not my favorite site but doesn't really add anything of value.

    02/01/19 - Added new Sonnet USB 3,1 cards to compatibility, Added a link to Delidding cleanup.

    01/24/19 - Added image to illustrate the Mac Pro generations under know your Mac Pro and subsection. Added RX580 Mac Pro 3,1 compatibility note.

    01/23/19 - Moved the Thunderbolt info into its own section as it's moved beyond speculation. I'll track this best as I can. Added a communities section. Added an anchor to the changelog. Minor copy edits.

    01/18/19 - Just when you think you've considered pretty much any upgrade feasible, there's a new one. It looks like there's been progress made on the Apple Watch Auto Unlock for the cMP, so I added it to the guide. I added minor corrections to grammar and punctuation as it'd been a while since I've proof-read this entire monster of an article. Fun fact, this article is 12,500+ words now, which is 24 pages, single-spaced 12-point text (48 double-spaced). For reference, a novel is generally considered to be 40,000+ words. Apple Insider, seems to think that PCIe 5.0 might be in the 2019 Mac Pro. Why? Because it was ratified as a standard. I find this incredibly silly as PCIe 4.0 first motherboards were demoed in June and there aren't many floating around right now nor hardware. PCI 4.0 was finalized on Oct 26, 2017, and took roughly a year for the first devices to ship. With the extreme lack of PCIe 4.0 hardware, let alone 5.0, this is extremely dubious.

    01/17/19 - Reader Arif pointed out an error on my guide, and I didn't have a checkmark next to the X5675 on the Mac Pro 5.1, also looks like more progress on thunderbolt and added it. First, update for 2019 and 7 months running of updates.

    12/21/18 - Added a note about the X5687 since recently there's been a few posts on Mac Pro communities again. It's incompatible, and this guide lists it as incompatible. I linked a forum poster's attempt at getting it to work (despite knowing it was listed as incompatible). Hopefully, this saves a few people the heartache and money. Added notes about UI scaling to monitors and Freesync

    12/14/18 - Thanks to reader Ian for confirming the RX 590 works in the cMPs. I hadn't even noticed it had been released. He even created a video. You can watch it here. Also, added info about the latest in NVidia driver updates as NVidia released new drivers for 10.13, but without Volta support, lending a lot of weight to the previous rumor that the drivers were pulled over a dispute with Apple's AMD contract. The issue has landed itself in Forbes under the blistering headline Apple Turns Its Back On Customers And NVIDIA With macOS Mojave. Hopefully, this helps Mac Pro users out, such as myself. I've had my NVidia GeForce 1060 less than a year. Oh, and this blog now supports Dark Mode for Mojave users using Safari Tech Preview 68 or higher.

    11/28/18 - With the stalemating of NVidia drivers, I've added a link to the petition for drivers and updated the GPU section a bit to reflect better that it's AMD or bust right now for Mojave.

    11/05/18 - Bad news on the Mojave front for NVidia users, NVidia blames Apple for not approving its drivers. Added links to the said article.

    11/02/18 - Updated intro, Apple released Mac Minis, minor clarification in the intro and call to the right to repair.

    10/29/18 - Big reworking of storage section (now ordered by ATA, AHCI, and NVMe), Added direct links to NVMe firmware.

    10/26/18 - lots of copy editing on new (and some old) sections. Also thanks to Pressure G on Mac Pro Users (on Facebook) for spotting an error. This guide is now roughly 40 pages long! Added to Contents list of the "other upgrades."

    10/25/18 - The first draft of NVMe section, and editing to more accurately reflect NVMe status, plus added first draft PCIe, and You section to explain PCIe ports. Both will require editing.

    10/22/18 - 2018 is the year of the cMac Pro. In the space of not updating for a month, we have native NVMe support, bootscreens on RTX cards and the craziest of them all: promising ThunderBolt results. Added notes in relevant sections. Added Boot manager to both GPU and it's own section under other upgrades. Also, I was mentioned in a podcast a while back Brograph Podcast - Episode 134 (at the 33:05 mark). Added a TechRadar link. Added more AppleInsider insults. Why? It's apologist fanboy propaganda.

    9/26/18 - It's Mojave time! Added notes on 10.14 Mojave installation, Metal, Mojave patcher for Mac Pro 3.1s, and OWC APFS problems.

    9/19/18 - Added link to After Effects GeForce 1080 vs.Radeon 580

    9/04/18 - Mild copy edit + driver downloader.

    8/27/18 - Added note about DynaPower USA to PCIe expanders, full list of AMD cards and some minor copy editing.

    8/3/18 - Added eBay purchasing notes, Minor copy editing to new content

    8/2/18 - Special thanks to reader Geo B. for sending me info about the FASTA-6GU3 and Amfeltec SQUID. Added notes on Triple channel memory. Also, Big list of corrections (typo spot, correction about the language around UEFI, 2006 Mac Pro OS compatibility, and other bullet points), thanks in part to Dave @ MacVidCards for his very-direct (read: confrontational) but informative e-mail (Dont'worry, we're cool, or at least I assume we are. If we aren't, whatever.). As per request, any reference was changed to from "Mac Vid Cards" to "MacVidCards." Notably, Dave mentions that the Mac 780/Titan/Titan X EFI compatible cards use a pirated version of his custom/hacked ROM. While I haven't verified this, as I don't really have means or time to do so (this page is for fun and to help other people like me), I see no reason to doubt this claim as it's not like there's Mac versions of these cards.

    6/13/18 - Added Know Your Mac Pro, link to Pixlas dual GPU mod by Big Little Frank, added HDMI Volume control Lifehacker link.

    6/12/18 - Minor update to GPUs list, also added firmware update info, finally added a blur about delidding, xlr8yourmac fixed.

    6/1/18 - NVMe is now bootable with firmware hacks, added info in NVMe and firmware sections.

    5/27/18 - Added link to Netkas Mac Pro 1,1 -> 2,1 firmware utility and StarTech 4-Port card to USB list.

    5/23/18 - Added link to wifi install guide for 5,1 Mac Pros, link cleanup so links consistently open blank page, minor proofing.

    5/22/18 - Added HDMI Audio links, Mac Pro 5,1 Update for 10.13, Also, time for some proofing: Fixed quite a few typos, grammar blunders, and punctuation.

    5/21/18 - Added Mac Pro manuals from Apple.com

    5/17/18 - Added Linux on 2006 Mac Pros links

    5/16/18 - 5770 Error correction info

    5/15/18 - Minor copy editing, fixed bad link to anchor tag for CPU upgrades, a note about SLI.

    5/14/18 - Reworked the intro, it's wordy now. Minor copy editing, more PCIe sled info, more 4,1 firmware upgrade links.

    5/13/18 - Added Pixlas mod info, Classic Mac Pro gone but certainly not forgotten.

    5/11/18 - Added Upgrade to High Sierra without APFS, added NVIDIA Quadro FX 5600, AMD FirePro W7000 to flashable cards, AMD Radeon 770/5780 Roms link, mac-pixel-clock-patch-V2 link, How to Boot to Windows without a Boot Screen link, NVMe links, Disable internal Bluetooth (for USB dongles), note about pre-10.9 RAM, serial number lookup, note about 64-bit on 1,1/2,1 mac pros.

    5/10/18 - Links to EveryMac for RAM instructions, quick thoughts on graphics cards purchases, and links to NVidia web drivers.

    5/9/18 - Copy Editing + Responsive CPU tables + links open new windows.

    5/8/18 - Images + feedback from users (added Replacing battery + memory) + restructure so contents supersedes intro.

    5/7/18 - Guide launch, first published

  • Sep 25, 2021

    Every OS X (macOS) 10.6 Snow Leopard Nature Desktop - in Glorious 5k Resolution


    Recently, I converted every Abstract Desktop background that shipped with 10.6 Snow Leopard, in Every OS X Snow Leopard Abstract Desktop - in Glorious 5k and 8k Resolution after being inspired by the wonderful 512 Pixel's Every Default macOS Wallpaper – in Glorious 6K Resolution post. I hand touched up the photos besides upscaling, sharpening, smoothing/blurring, retexturing, denoising, graining depending on the photos. Some had weaker sources than others due to focus/compression etc. For a long explination of how I made these, scroll to the bottom.

    The above is an excerpt on a video I'm working on about OS X Snow Leopard, the most beloved OS X/macOS release, but I have other opinions ;) If you are at all curious, you can check out the Apple related vids I've made on the YouTubes.

    All the photos are in their original 16:10, in the 5k (if there's such a resolution) 5120 x 3200 as I wanted users to be able to position the desktops as they see fit. Also adding Light / Dark desktops as I have time.

    The iPhone wallpaper versions are 2000 x 2778 which should give wiggle room to position the backgrounds, see Apple'sChange the wallpaper on your iPhone for instructions on how to set your iPhone wallpaper.

    Aurora

    Aurora

    Download Aurora 5k (6.5 MB)

    Download Aurora (iPhone)



    Aurora Blue

    Aurora Blue

    Download Aurora Blue 5k (8.1 MB)

    Download Aurora Blue (iPhone)



    Cirques

    Cirques

    Download Cirques 5k (20.4 MB)

    Download Cirques (iPhone)



    Clownfish

    ClownFish

    Download Clownfish 5k (14.5 MB)

    Download Clown Fish (iPhone)



    Dew Drop

    Dew Drop

    Download Dew Drop 5k (4.2 MB)

    Download (iPhone)



    Earth

    Earth

    Download Earth 5k (7.5 MB)

    Download Earth (iPhone)



    Earth Horizon

    Earth Horizon

    Download Earth Horizon 5k (8 MB)

    Download Earth Horizon (iPhone)



    Evening Reflections

    Evening Reflections

    Download Evening Reflections 5k (21.3 MB)

    Download Evening Reflections (iPhone)



    Flowing Rock

    Flowing Rock

    Download Flowing Rock 5k (26.1 MB)

    Download Flow Rock (iPhone)



    Gentle Rapids

    Gentle Rapids

    Download Gentle Rapids 5k (7.3 MB)

    Download Gentle Rapids (iPhone)



    Golden Palace

    Golden Palace

    Download Golden Palace 5k (16.4 MB)

    Download Golden Palace (iPhone)



    Horizon

    Horizon

    Download Horizon 5k (4.2 MB)

    Download Horizon (iPhone)



    Iceberg

    iceberg

    Download Iceberg 5k (14.1 MB)

    Download Iceberg (iPhone)



    Ladybug

    ladybug

    Download Ladybug 5k (2.7 MB)

    Download Ladybug (iPhone)



    Leopard Aurora

    Leopard Aurora

    Download Leopard Aurora 5k (4.9 MB)

    Download Leopard Aurora (iPhone)



    Pond Reeds

    Pond Reeds

    Download Pond Reeds 5k (4.2 MB)

    Download Pond Reeds (iPhone)



    Rock Garden

    Rock Garden

    Download Rock Garden 5k (18 MB)

    Download Rock Garden (iPhone)



    Rocks

    Rocks

    Download Rock 5k (11 MB)

    Download Rocks (iPhone)



    Snow Leopard

    Snow Leopard

    Download Snow Leopard 5k (10 MB)

    Download Snow Leopard (iPhone)



    Snow Leopard Prowl

    Snow Leopard Prowl

    Download Snow Leopard Prowl 5k (13.8 MB)

    Download Snow Leopard Prowl (iPhone)



    Snowy Hills

    snowyhills

    Download Snowy Hills 5k (8.1 MB)

    Download Snowy Hills (iPhone)



    Stones

    Stones

    Download Stones 5k (17.2 MB)

    Download Stones (iPhone)



    Tahoe

    Tahoe

    Download Tahoe 5k (17.2 MB)

    Download Tahoe (iPhone)



    Tranquil Surface

    Tranquil Surface

    Download Tranquil Surface 5k (9.4 MB)

    Download Tranquil Surface (iPhone)



    Water

    Water

    Download Water 5k (3.2 MB)

    Download Water (iPhone)



    Zebra

    Zebra

    Download Zebra 5k (11.3 MB)

    Download Zebra (iPhone)



    Bonus

    Pond Reeds (Light / Dark) Dynamic Wall Paper

    Pond Reeds

    Download Pond Reeds Dynamic 5k (5.2 MB)

    Pond Reeds Dark Wall Paper

    Pond Reeds

    Download Pond Reeds Night 5k (4.2 MB)

    Download Pond Reeds Night (iPhone)



    Aurora (Light / Dark) Dynamic Wall Paper

    Pond Reeds

    Aurora Reeds 5k (9.2 MB)

    The Abstract Desktop Series from Snow Leopard


    Check out Every OS X Snow Leopard Abstract Desktop - in Glorious 5k and 8k Resolution for the Abstract backgrounds from OS X 10.6.

    Snow Leopard Videos I've made

    Was Snow Leopard the greatest macOS? I made a video about that. Wonder what it's like to use Snow Leopard in 2024? I made a video about that too.


    Note: I don't think the above video conveys how much I like Snow Leopard.


    About these images

    I do not own these images and thus am providing these free-of-charge (as I do with everything on my blog). These are images that shipped with OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard and upscaled for modern computers.

    Mr Orange likes pets

    One of the very frequent tasks computers do is upscaling raster images, aka zooming in or increasing the size of an image. This happens when you zoom in on an image in an application like Preview or Photoshop, or zoom in on a web browser or pinch and zoom on your iPhone. Upscaling has come a long way in the past few years, with machine-learning-assisted upscaling algorithms. These use tricks like taking into account the hue/luminosity (color and its brightness) of surrounding pixels and filling in what it believes the new pixels should be. Before machine-learning, upscaling meant duplicating pixels (nearest neighbor) or duplicating pixels and creating transitions between the hue/luminosity (bilinear). If you have a sharp line, perhaps a sharp mountain silhouette against a sunset (or in my case, a cat whisker against the ground), the machine-learning algorithm will "notice" the sharp contrast between the two areas as it has been "trained" to do so. It will then infer that it should try and keep the sharpness rather than lose the detail, when it creates new pixels to fill the space from upscaling.

    example of different types of upscaling

    While none of these upscales are nearly as good as a high-resolution photo, ML upscaling provides a much better result in a pinch. The ML upscaling is much better at preserving details in the image, such as Mr. Orange's whiskers, his fur, and his pet tag, while providing nice soft results on the areas out of focus. ML (machine learning) upscaling has become popular with modern GPUs. In Windows, AMD and NVidia GPUs can take a videogame rendered at 1440p and upscale it to 4k as it takes less effort for the GPU to upscale the image than it takes to render an image with a lot more pixels, enabling the GPU to churn out higher frame rates and keeping more visual fidelity than using bilinear upscaling. Of course, machine learning isn't limited to uspcaling (or even images).

    Machine learning can also be used to provide other types of "best guesses" like denoising images that have artifacts from compression, like JPEGs which are a "lossy format", meaning to save data, they alter the photos to consume less space. Lossy compression is used extensively for media as you do not need a byte-for-byte accurate representation of the original data. Depending on how much compression and what sort of codec (compression type), it will introduce evidence of the compression. Everyone is familiar with the effects of lossy compression, be it an image of low quality, a video with blocky noise, or an audio file that sounds garbled. Machine learning can undo some of this, but it's highly imperfect as it's trying to guess what the original source was trying to convey.

    I first tried Gigapixel but ended up just using Pixelmator Pro. Each background was individually treated, using the ML upscaling but with a combination of multiple layers with sharpening, blurs, denoising, grain, and old fashion brush tools on layer masks. As a UX Developer, I split my time between graphics applications and good ol' fashioned coding as my job is to take static pixel images and turn them into code for interfaces for web and mobile applications, although I do often do "full-stack," which is a nice way of saying "everything". I've gone away from Adobe products years ago, with Sketch / Figma / Pixelmator Pro / Final Cut Pro partly out of personal preference and following the industry.

    A great example of the power of just a few simple masks is the Ladybug image. First, I nabbed the image from the Snow Leopard Parallels virtual machine on my Mac Pro. Then I imported it into Pixelmator Pro. I converted it to 16-bit, then I created two layers of the exact same image. One I left alone. In the second layer, I used the ML Denoise to get rid of the JPEG artifacting. I used ML upscaling, which upscaled both layers. I masked the non-denoised layer in the Ladybug and used a tiny bit of grain and sharpening, and painted in the hairs on the grass blade. Then I used the blur tool on the larger out-of-focus areas on the denoised image. I went back and lightly burned the Ladybug's antenna. Once I was happy with the result, I downscaled the image from 8k to 5k and left the same color profile same as the original. My goal was to recreate the original as much to the spirit as the original image rather than, say, create an HDR (high dynamic range) version.

    Each image was hand treated, although some images had better sources than others. I'm sure another artist with more time could bring these even better to life as I tried to keep roughly an hour-ish per image (as a UX developer, time budgets are a harsh reality for me). If you create your own versions, please reach out to me, as I'll happily link them.

    I hope you enjoy, and if you're an Apple nerd and like mediocre camera work, and awkward on-camera presence, you can find me on YouTube and this blog.

    If this blog looks familiar to you, you've probably seen, The Definitive Classic Mac Pro (2006-2012) Upgrade Guide or The Definitive Trashcan Mac Pro 6.1 (Late 2013) Upgrade Guide

  • Sep 24, 2021

    Mac MAME Arcade emulation & NeoGeo using OpenEMU and SDLMame for Apple Silicon or Intel Native.

    OpenEMU + Mac

    There are two main routes to get up and running with MAME under macOS, OpenEMU, and SDLMame. OpenEMU is the vector most users will want to use, but it isn't Apple Silicon native (but will still run fine in Rosetta). I've made a video, but if you're like me, you probably prefer the written version.




    OpenEMU and Mame

    OpenEMU is a beautiful core-based emulator (akin to RetroArch) that supports many game consoles. It's designed to be the one-stop-shop for Mac emulation, and it does a fantastic job. It's gorgeous and easy to use..

    Step 1: Download OpenEmu Experimental

    OpenEmu download

    Regular OpenEMU does not support the MAME core, so you need to get the experimental version fromopenemu.org. I'm unclear as to why after years, the MAME version is still experimental. If I had to guess, it's likely because there are a few missing assets (the control menu for MAME doesn't have a skeuomorphic graphic, for instance), and it doesn't filter out BIOS files.

    Step 2: Safelist MAME (Big Sur 11.x and above)

    OpenEmu Open

    OpenEMU is open source but it isn't signed, you'll see an error if you try an execute it.

    OpenEmu Open

    Right-click OpenEMU, and select open to bring up the prompt that will let you run the application.

    Step 3: Install the MAME core

    Launch OpenEmu, open preferences, and select cores. Click the install button next to MAME.

    OpenEmu cores preferences

    Step 3: Install games

    OpenEmu install games!

    Installing games is pretty straightforward. Drag the .zip files into OpenEMU under the Arcade tab. MAME games are file name specific, unlike most other emulators, so do not change the name. Also some games have dependencies.

    OpenEmu Open

    If the game you are trying to play has a dependency, it'll display an error when you try and launch the game, with the name of the missing file. You'll need to install that file by dragging it onto the window. Do not decompress MAME game .zip files.

    Please do not ask me for game files. They exist in a legal grey area. Try a popular search engine or archive site like Archive.org for information about ROMs.

    Step 4: Optional: NeoGeo Emulation

    Emulating NeoGeo games requires one extra step, you'll need to get the NeoGeo BIOS Rom. Drag the Neo Geo zip into OpenEmu. You'll see the NeoGeo ROM in your game list, but ignore it and double-click the games as you normally would. I had some difficulty finding one that worked in more modern distributions of MAME.



    SDLMAME / MESS

    SDLMAME is a macOS port of MAME and MESS that features both native Intel and Apple Silicon support and (previously) has been updated much more frequently than OpenEMU's MAME core. For years, OpenEMU was stuck at MAME version .149.1, from 2013. As of writing this, OpenEMU is currently in lock-step with SDLMAME as both feature version 0.235, but OpenEMU is not Apple Silicon native. SDLMame is a port of MAME by @sdlmame_osx. It also features MESS which emulates many retro consoles as well.

    The downside is that SDL Mame's UI is pretty minimal, and it requires being launched from the command-line but works great.

    Step 1: Download the SDL2 Framework

    Go to libsld.org, and download SLD2 for macOS and decompress it. Next, install the SDL2.framework into (in your root) Library/Frameworks. SLDL2 is a library for cross-platform development designed to provide low-level access to hardware such as I/O and graphics cards. Many Steam ports for macOS are based on this library.

    Step 2: Download SDLMame/Mess

    Go to sdlmame.lngn.net, and download Apple Silicon or Intel version depending on which type of CPU your Mac has. Decompress it into a folder of your choosing.

    Step 3: Safelist SDLMame/Mess

    This is where things get a little strange, as if you try and execute SDLMame, it'll give you the same warning as OpenEMU. Right like the mame unix executable and click open. It'll open the terminal and crash. This is fine. Close this terminal. The application has now been safelisted.

    Step 4: Install ROMs

    Drag your ROMs into the ROMs folder within SDLMame (If it doesn't exist, create one). Just like OpenEMU games may require dependencies. NeoGEO games require the Neo Geo BIOS.

    Step 5: Launch SDLMame using the terminal

    YYou'll need to navigate to the directory that SDLMame is in (or locate it). The easiest way is to use the change directory command then drag the folder onto the terminal. It should look something like:

        $ cd /path/to/sdlmame

    Now that we're in the directory, we can check to see if we see the mame executable using list.

        $ ls

    If you see mame, you're ready to go. Launch the mame executable.

        $ ./mame

    SDLMame's UI might seem a bit rough but it does support the mouse. Be sure to use the configure options with Device Mappings and General Input to configure your game controls.

    Happy Emulating!

  • Sep 23, 2021

    Every OS X Snow Leopard Abstract Desktop - in Glorious 5k and 8k Resolution


    Every macOS comes with some standout desktops, one of the better sets was Abstract series but they're from a bygone pre-retina/4k/5k/8k world. I really loved 512 Pixel's Every Default macOS Wallpaper – in Glorious 6K Resolution post. If you haven't checked it out, you should. I've used them and loved it. Feeling inspired, I decided to do the same to one of my favorite set of Mac desktop backgrounds, the Abstract series from OS X 10.6 - Snow Leopard.

    I upscaled and denoised (originals had some JPEG artifacting) and hand touched up them tediously in 16-bit P3 (dithered down to 8-bit P3 JPEGs). I had to make the tough calls on cropping so rather than live with my choices, I've included the 8k originals in the 16:10 aspect ratio for those with 16:10 displays or looking to crop the desktops as they see fit. There's 8 total desktops and I'll probably do an iPhone update and possibly light/dark updates for a few. For now, enjoy!

    Download Abstract 5k 16:9 Ratio - 26.6 MB

    Download Abstract 8k 16:10 Ratio - 49.1 MB


    Every OS X (macOS) 10.6 Snow Leopard Nature Desktop - in Glorious 6k Resolution

    Oh hey, I also converted all the nature background from 10.6 to 5k too, check it out here!

  • Jul 11, 2021

    The end of the classic Mac Pro

    Two nights ago, I decided to put my thoughts I've had for months now about the classic Mac Pro into a video. I've personally moved on and retired my Mac Pro 5,1 after spending the last 13 years using a cheesegrater Mac Pro as my primary computer. The Mac Pro enabled me to achieve a lot of my creative and professional achievements: recording two albums, contract work on a few TV shows, and a career change into web development full-time.

    BBuying a new computer would be a fairly non-significant life event for most people, but I've spent the last three years updating and maintaining a guide on the classic Mac Pro. If you'd like, watch the video below or continuing reading as I'll provide a written summary below as I understand many prefer written words over video, as I'm one of those people too. My perspective is coming from a practical standpoint as I'd gauge most of my readers to be in the practical camp as opposed to the hobbyist camp where the utility isn't as important.


    Leaving the classic Mac Pro behind...

    A few short months ago, I bought a 2019 Mac Pro, replacing my classic Mac Pro, a 2010 dual CPU Mac Pro, outfitted with 96 GB of RAM, two NVMe drives, a Radeon VII, and two Sonnet pro series USB cards (USB-A and USBc), as well as a lot of internal storage. Originally, I really didn't think I'd ever been able to justify owning a 2019 Mac Pro. I could certainly afford one, but it's an irresponsible purchase as my needs for a computer do not require a Mac Pro 2019 as a UX/Web Developer. For nearly the last decade, I've used a slew of 15-inch MacBook Pros: 2013 (Retina), 2015, and still currently 2017. Then, the pandemic happened... and things changed for the classic Mac Pro.

    Prices went wacky. During the pandemic, used electronics (and cars) skyrocketed in price. For reference, I bought my dual CPU Mac Pro 2010 in late 2017 for $800. I sold it (granted with better specs) for $900 in 2021. GPU pricing went through the ceiling, tripling in value. As I watched the prices climb, I had a crazy idea: if I sold my Mac Pros (two 5,1s, one dual CPU, and one single CPU), the Radeon VII and Vega 56 separately, quick back of the napkin math put me at roughly $1500 shy. I'd pull the NVMe drives and large SSDs and HDDs. I inventoried hardware I hadn't used in ages and added a semi-functional dual CPU tray for a 5,1, studio preamp, a set of Beyerdynamic headphones, an Oculus Quest 2, to name a few things. All said and done; it'd get me only a hundred dollars shy.... except I was about 15 years from my last eBay sale, I failed to calculate the eBay commission, which is heavy, roughly 18%.

    I listed and sold my items, many extremely fast (I probably could have charged more for many items, but I was interested in a quick turnaround). I managed to be about $500-$700 short. With the money in hand, I balked several times ordering 2019 as $6000 is.... well... $6000. Inevitably I pulled the trigger.

    #1: The classic Mac Pros cannot boot the latest macOS

    The Mac Pros have been in a hackintosh-like state ever since Apple dropped official support for the classic Mac Pros after Mojave. Installing Catalina required either using DOSDUDE1 or, better, OpenCore. OpenCore is an open-source bootloader that does many things. The Mac Pro's implementation of EFI is not UEFI as it predates UEFI by a few years. This means a few inconsistencies. Apple's EFI and UEFI use different basic drivers for the pre-boot menu/screen. For Mac Pro users, non-Apple EFI GPUs will not output video until the full drivers have been loaded, which is late in the boot process. OpenCore fixes this by loading the correct drivers. It also emulates other Mac's UEFI, meaning macOS runs transparently without requiring software hacks to the OS itself. This is preferable to patching like DOSDUDE1 as you apply OS updates as there isn't a patch that can be overwritten. OpenCore also allows for various drivers and low-level tweaks, thus making hot-swappable Thunderbolt 3 possible on the classic Mac Pros as well as enabling full video decoding/encoding support.

    While all of these minor miracles have greatly benefitted the cMP, with Big Sur 11.3, the Mac Pro hit an unlikely impasse. Apple, in a point release changed the PCIe bus handling with downstream effects to the classic Mac Pro. The cMPs can and will boot above macOS 11.2.3, but the PCIe bus, under certain circumstances, will cause kernel panics. Eventually, it'll corrupt the boot drive and require restoring.

    This singular change influenced more than anything else that the clock was ticking for the classic Mac Pro. Apple typically provides security updates for a year to previous releases, and many applications generally support at least the previous version of macOS. Pixelmator Pro, for example, supports 10.15 Catalina, but not 10.14 Mojave. Xcode and Final Cut Pro X generally only supports one OS behind the current. This means the Mac Pro will be left out on the latest versions of some popular/major apps in two years.

    Another huge hit is that Big Sur 10.4 added support for the 6000 series AMD GPUs. While it may be somewhat absurd to think about sticking an expensive brand new GPU into such an old computer, an AMD Radeon 6800 was supposed $579, which is less than the Radeon VII was pre-pandemic pricing as the VII MSRPed at $700 (and usually sold on the aftermarket for more). The 6800 might not be fully realized in such an old computer, but it certainly would perform much better than the VII. Thus, today's best GPUs are still limited at the 5700 XT and the Radeon VII for macOS.

    #2 Windows 11 requires TPM 2.0

    Despite Microsoft calling Windows 10 "the last version of Windows", MS is releasing Windows 11. There's one monumental change that has many people upset and requires Trusted Platform Module 2.0, a security feature that requires late generation Intel and AMD CPUs. MS lists that 8th generation Intel or AMD Zen 2, although 7th Generation Intel CPUs are "partially supported". Microsoft hasn't made it very clear on such issues. You can install Windows 11 on unsupported hardware with a bit of hacking, but that places Windows 11 in a hacked state, and it's unclear if this is a maintainable route and puts any unsupported computer in a precarious unsupported state. MS could easily require later generation instruction sets like AVX, and this would effectively drop support for the classic Mac Pro. Windows 10 will be supported until 2025, so the timeline isn't nearly as imminent as macOS.

    #3 The GPU crisis

    The biggest selling point of the classic Mac Pro is that it can use GPUs natively in a PCIe slot, whereas all other Macs sans 2019 required eGPU solutions. While GPUs aren't severely bandwidth-intensive as PCIe 2.0 16x vs. PCIe 3.0 16x barely makes a difference, the bandwidth-restricted world of Thunderbolt 3 incurs a higher performance penalty. The outcome resulted in Mac Pros performing better in pure GPU benchmarks over an iMac Pro outfitted with the same GPU in an eGPU enclosure.

    However, due to the pandemic/bitcoin/whatever, GPUs are still absurdly expensive (but dropping in price as I write this). This makes the most attractive feature of the Mac Pro out-of-reach or at least justifiable. The GPU crisis also has affected the used Mac Pro market. Most Mac Pros are sold with non-metal compatible GPUs, which are incredibly out-of-date, cannot run macOS 10.14 and above. For the cost of many GPUs, a user could buy the Mac Mini M1 and see better performance for many workflows. The M1's iGPU will run circles around the incredibly out-of-date GPUs like the pitiful GT 120 or more recent ATI Radeon 5770, which brings me to my final point.

    #4 the Mac Pro 2019 and Apple Silicon

    If you have the coin, Apple has a vector for people who need discrete GPUs, PCIe slots, or a metric assload of RAM. The 2019 Mac Pro took the wind out of the cMP sails as pros finally could retire their Mac Pros without compromise. The 2019 is better than the Mac Pro 5,1 in every single aspect except price. I don't feel like there's much of an argument here. The 2019 Mac Pro is easily the most elegantly designed and powerful computer Apple has ever designed, besting its previous most over-engineered computers like the PowerMac 9600 or the Mac Pro 4,1 2009. The only sad part is that Apple is ending x86 support at some point in the future, nor did it embrace AMD architecture.

    It's also impossible not to talk about the Apple Silicon. While it's a tired argument, the M1 only represents the entry-level for the Apple Silicon universe, and it's already better in many workflows than the classic Mac Pros could ever hope to be, especially in the realm of 2D design, compiling code, and general use. It isn't a sure-fire win as there are plenty of limitations like the limited RAM, the limited I/O, the ability only to drive two displays, and of course, the integrated GPU isn't up to the task of competing with discrete GPUs. Still, the M1 is a better computer for many workflows than the classic Mac Pro. We're about to see what the first professional line of Apple Silicon looks like, and if you've been following the rumors, pretty much everything I listed sounds like it'll be addressed to some degree in the MacBook Pro. There won't be many use cases left when this happens where a classic Mac Pro is a better choice than Apple Silicon.

    Closing thoughts: The Apple Silicon future

    In my article about my thoughts on my M1 I noted that we're likely going to see a future where we see a schizophrenic performance divide between x86 and Apple Silicon. This even seems more true as I've spent more time with my M1. I fully expect to see iMacs able to edit 8k video flawlessly, fly through machine learning/tensor flow, but incredibly ill-suited for 3D modeling/animation, gaming, advanced compositing. I've always felt a bit constrained with laptops, and thus my classic Mac Pro remained my primary computer despite frequent laptop upgrades. The M1 was the first time I started using a laptop over my desktop for some of my creative pursuits, including writing and video editing. Some of this is raw convenience of a mobile writing and editing station, but it was also practical: The M1 was faster in Final Cut Pro X than my classic Mac pro despite the 2 TB Samsung 970 Evo NVMe drive, the 96 GBs of RAM, and a Radeon VII.

    The Apple Silicon future still remains questionable for the desktops where thermal budgets are high, computers are modular, and the competition is tough, but if you're able to do everything professionally you want from a laptop, will you really care?

    Random Asides

    Am I advocating you sell your Mac Pro? Not really. For me, I'm low on hobbyist ambitions. I don't dream of owning a den of old computers spanning my childhood. I'd rather just have one nice desktop and one really nice laptop. I've always been less interested in the nuts and bolts of a computer than really what can it do for me? Though are fundamental to really getting to what a computer can do for the user, the nuts and bolts are fundamental to really getting to what a computer can do. Thus, I ended up self-educating myself and assisting others in the same journey. If you want one really nice computer and have several old Macs and GPUs lying around, selling sooner than later will benefit you.

    The big shift though isn't necessarily the classic Mac Pros aren't workable machines, rather we've hit that point where investing further into them is probably not a wise move. At this point, I'd recommend doing the minimal upgrades and saving for a new computer, again from a practical standpoint.

    I purposely avoided gaming in this even though I do play some games, and when I do, I prefer to do it on my computer. If you're hyper interested in gaming, the classic Mac Pro is still the best route without breaking the bank to be able to dual boot to Windows and use a dedicated GPU, and play the absolutely mind-boggling catalog of PC games from numerous services/stores.

    Bonus: Check out the Reaction Video from several Mac community members, including Jay (House of the Moth) who I've leaned on heavily on in the Definitive Mac Pro Upgrade Guide.

  • Jun 12, 2021

    Parallels: Network initialization failed - Your virtual machine will continue working normally but will have no network connection. How to Fix

    If you are here you are probably seeing the following error in Parallels in macOS 11 Big Sur and you haven't found anything working:

    Network initialization failed
    Your virtual machine will continue working normally but will have no network connection.

    Network initialization failed

    The fix

    1. Go to Parallel's Network preferences and click "Restore to Default". This will update the entire config file which is important and remove errant configurations.
      Network Panel
    2. Quit Parallels, and open up the Activity Monitor and search for any Parallels tasks and quit them as well.
    3. Go to /Library/Preferences/Parallels/network.desktop.xml with a text editor like Visual Studio Code, Atom, Sublime, BBedit, Webstorm etc that's permissions aware or use the terminal if you're comfortable, and use sudo nano /Library/Preferences/Parallels/network.desktop.xml. Locate the UseKextless entry and set its value to one. Save (depending on the application you're using it'll warn you that you need to use sudo to edit the filea and bring up a dialog. If using Nano, besure to ctrl + x and when prompted, answer yes to save changes).
      Network Panel

    Now relaunch Parallels. The eror should go away and networking should be restored.

  • Jun 11, 2021

    iOSification of features for macOS

    As many users saw probably this week, macOS 12 (do we really want yearly OS updates... still?) Monterey was revealed to have Several macOS Monterey Features Unavailable on Intel-Based Macs. John Gruber of daringfireball cleverly observed these features all made use of the imaging pipelines or neural engine.

    The chatter in the Mac groups is nail-in-the-coffin, or debating if the features really required an M1 (Spoiler: they don't, they really don't). However, what is truly revealing is how Apple will approach future iterations of macOS akin to iOS. Generally, this has (mostly) limited to iOS camera features that are one part lens but many, many parts software. Could the iPhone XS had night mode? My guess is most likely, but Apple will not spend the energy back-porting the feature to previous hardware configurations. Then, the features are intrinsically hardware related, like the iPhone 12's signal processor, used for Dolby Vision / Smart HDR 3 / temporal noise reduction.

    What seems likely is that on macOS we could see old Macs left out of newer features, but not just the latest wifi protocol or faster storage like has always happened. Still, literal features, be it improvements to real-time color correction or perhaps a hypothetical ML library that quickly identifies and highlights elements in a photo.

  • May 23, 2021

    An (albeit flawed) counterpoint to the M1

    PC World published Apple M1 vs. Ryzen 5000: MacBook Pro and Asus ROG Flow X13, compared article. While this is entirely leaning on the GPUs found in x86 laptops, it’s also leaning entirely leaning GPUs found in X86 laptops.

    Thus far the biggest concern with my M1 is the GPU, I can edit 4k video and its fast long as I stay on the happy path, using Final Cut Pro X. It's easy to scoff at the PC World article for not including web browsing benchmarks, compile times, and other CPU bound tasks but the fact remains Apple's fight for total performance supremacy will be much tougher on the GPU front.

  • May 12, 2021

    You've been programmed to believe conspiracy theories

    It's been awhile since I've linked a single article, but I absolutely loved the Popular Mechanics article, "How You've Been Conditioned to Love Conspiracy Theories"

    "In addition to xenophobia, O’Leary fell victim to “proportionality bias,” the logical fallacy that believes the cause of an event should feel as important as its impact. Proportionality bias lies behind many of the most popular conspiracy theories. For instance, it feels disproportionate that JFK, the so-called most powerful man in the world, could have been assassinated by one disturbed individual, or that Princess Diana,—a powerful, famous, real-world princess—was killed in a car accident."

    I wish I could say I had "proportionality bias" as part of my lexicon prior to this as I certainly intuitively understood that many conspiracies are a desire to assert order in a chaotic world and an artifact of the "Tiger in the brush" scenario". It stipulates that it was evolutionarily advantageous to spot false patterns than none at all. If you believed there was a tiger in the brush, then regardless if there is actually a tiger in the brush, you'd still be rewarded with a continuous existence. Thus, evolution tolerates, if not rewards, a baseline paranoia, and overactive imagination. It's this same process that allows many to find meaning in the noise, be it the infamous Virgin Mary in peanut butter to believing that 9/11 was an inside job.

    About the only thing missing is that from my (albeit somewhat limited) observations, conspiracies act as currency among the indoctrinated which is its own chaotic agent and generally any rebutal is met as further evidence of the conspiracy as it's just that much deeper. It many ways, conspiracies have filled the void as Americans become increasingly less religious although clearly no more logical.

    After a year of being stuck, tethered to social media, the claws of conspirancies turn family members into born-again believers and we're all the worse for it.

  • Apr 24, 2021

    If you're wondering what the next x86 Mac Pro specs will be...

    It's a silly graphic about 2021 Mac Pros!


    Largely ignored by the media outside of a few tech journals, the 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors were announced. Operating under the pretense that Bloomberg's reporting was accurate after predicting the latest Apple event, we can expect at least one more iteration of x86 Mac Pros along side Apple Silicon Mac Pros. Many Mac Pro enthusiasts lamented the Mac Pro's lack of PCIe 4.0, even if there isn't a massive point to it beyond future-proofing. There also was a bit of a disconnect. Intel has not had a PCIe 4.0 chipset until very recently, and Mac users were expecting the impossible out of Intel. GPUs simply do not benefit from PCIe 4.0 as the bandwidth requirements just do not require the increased bandwidth (AMD has shipped 8x PCIe 4.0 GPUs, which is equivalent to 16x 3.0), and there's barely a speed penalty still running the latest GPUs in PCIe 2.0. That leaves mostly SSDs as the sole component that benefits from PCIe 4.0, although I'd argue two things:

    1. While not ideal, ASM2428 chipsets have allowed NVMe SSDs (based on the 4x standard) more bandwidth by address more lanes. Currently, in the PCIe 2.0 realm, users can achieve 3.0 speeds using an 8x or 16x slot (as well as multiple SSDs on motherboards that do not support bifurcation). It's likely we'll see similar chipsets allowing PCIe 3.0 cards that address more PCIe lanes to attain PCIe 4.0 speeds in regards to SSDs.
    2. Latency and random read/write and caching mechanisms will have more perceivable benefits for daily use than increased bandwidth at this point, considering 3000 MB/s is only going to be a prohibited speed in extreme transfers.

    The interesting specs

    So what will the new Mac Pro specs look like?

    • 10 nm, "up to 40 cores per processor" - This is using the Sunny Cove instead of the Cypress Cove variant, which is 14 nm.
    • "46% more performance" - As of late, Intel has taken to dubious stats, and it is sad to see. Considering they're moving from 28 -> 40 core maximum, roughly 40% more cores, this isn't a surprising or impressive claim.
    • " 8 channels of DDR4-3200" - Same as previous Xeons.
    • "64 lanes of PCIe Gen4 per socket" - There's a lot of ways that PCIe lanes can be handled, but this is a beast amount of bandwidth, and with bandwidth switching certainly enough for workstations (servers are a different beast). Each CPU can negotiate a theoretical 128 GB/s of throughput via PCIe, although that might not be entirely accurate.

    It's pretty easy to extrapolate that we're going to see a PCIe 4.0 Mac Pro with up to 40-Cores, roughly the same memory ballpark max-memory cap that'll still have the blistering prices we've seen before. I don't expect Apple to expend much energy redesigning the case, but we'll see the (likely) the final x86 Mac Pro setting a very high bar for Apple Silicon to follow. Still, mostly, the consensus is users want PCIe + upgradable memory and storage to continue.

  • Mar 28, 2021

    Foolproof way to update the 2010 - 2012 Mac Pro 5,1 to the 144.0.0.0.0 firmware

    Updating the firmware on a Mac Pro isn't difficult, but it is possible to "miss" firmware upgrades. This guide is for anyone looking to get to the latest (and most likely last) firmware released for the Mac Pro 5,1s, without having to install Mojave 10.14.x, or if you already have installed Mojave, or are looking to install Mojave. My first try, my firmware was stuck at 138.0.0.0.0.x even when running Mojave 10.14.6. Updating the firmware adds key funcitonality to the Mac Pro 5,1s, most notably native NVMe m.2 boot support. To learn more about Firmware and the Mac Pro 5,1s, see the Firmware Upgrades section of my Mac Pro Upgrade Guide.

    These aren't the only instructions on the web, as MP5,1: What you have to do to upgrade to Mojave (BootROM upgrade instructions thread) for firmware upgrading. However, this the method I've found most reliable for users who are having firmware troubles.

    Step 0: Remove unsupported GPUs

    The biggest change for macOS Mojave is the deprecation of OpenGL and OpenCL. OpenGL has been a thorn in Apple's side for quite some time, as it's been nearly dead for years. Vulkan, the OpenGL successor, wasn't quite ready for primetime when Apple originally created Metal for iOS and thus decided to port it macOS. Despite the annoyingness of having to meet the requirements, it was a necessary evil. Mojave will not install if you have a non-metal supported GPU.

    Note: some users are reporting they had to remove all PCIe cards sans their storage controller (SATA card) and GPU to install the firmware update. I did not. If you encounter issues, try removing additional PCIe cards.

    Step 1: Have a 10.13 drive

    Unfortunately, this is the biggest pain if you've already updated. You'll need a separate volume to boot into 10.13. Amazon and Newegg each have 120 GB SSDs for under $20 USD if you need a temporary drive to install macOS 10.13 on. (upside is you can buy a USB case and turn into a very fast USB 3.0 drive afterward or return it). You can get old versions of macOS via the Mac using DosDude1's installer if you can't access it. If you have no intention to upgrade to Mojave or already have it installed., don't worry. We won't be installing Mojave.

    Step 2: Boot 10.13

    The next step is pretty straight forward, boot into your install of macOS 10.13 if you haven't already.

    Step 3: Download 10.14.6 Combined installer

    Fortunately, firmware flashing does not require updating in a particular order. I went from 138.0.0.0.0 to 144.0.0.0.0 without any problems. There's several avenues for this, including the Mac App store, but when I used the Mac App Store route, I didn't get the combined OS installer (The Mojave installer + all the updates to Mojave). The easiest way to obtain the final combined update for Mojave is to use Dosdude1's installer. Much like before, download the OS DosDude1's installer, even though we have supported hardware but with the patcher for 10.14.

    Clarification: You do not need to use the DosDude1 installer, as you can grab the update via the App store or other sources but I found this easier. Apparently this link was posted this on MacRumors and a few posters didn't read the full instructions and suggested that I was advocating using DOSdude1 on the OS. I am not. The Mac Pro 4,1/5.1 does not need DOSDude1, so do not run the patcher on Mojave. The Patcher just happens to be extremely reliable about fetching the correct version, and skips the hassle of the App Store.

    1. Go to DOSdude1 Mojave patcher and download it

    2. Launch the patcher.

      Mojave Patcher Can't be opened because it is from an unidentified developer

      Depending on your security settings, your mac may suggest it's from an unverified developer. Go to the system prefs, Security and Privacy (general), and allow the app to open.

      Mojave Patcher was blocked from opening because it is not form an identified developer

      You'll be bugged one last time.

      macOS Mojave Patcher is from an unidentified developer. Are you sure you want to open it?

    3. The patcher should warn you that you are on supported hardware.

      Mojave Patch Native Machine warning

      This is fine, ignore the message. Within the patcher, select the download Mojave from the Tools menu.

      Tools -> Download macOS Mojave
    4. Once the download has completed, quit DOSdude1's patcher.

    Step 4: Launch the installer and click shut down

    The installer should bring up a message about firmware and a shutdown message. This will not start the Mojave installer, only the firmware.

    Step 5: Boot the Mac

    Using the instructions in the previous image, press and hold the button until it blinks. If you do not have an EFI enabled GPU (see more about EFI in my Mac Pro Upgrade guide), you will not see any video output.

    I trimmed down the video, as it took about 15 seconds of holding before the button flashed. After the button flashed, the internal speaker emmitted a long lowfi "boop" sound.

    Step 5: Verify

    Go to About this Mac, and click system report. Under the first screen, look for the "Boot Rom" text. This should list your firmware version. From here, you can continue using 10.13.6, upgrade, or boot to your 10.14 volume.

    The 144.0.0.0.0 firmware works with any version of macOS your Mac Pro supports.

    Updated: November 13th, 2019 MacRumors feedback

    Updated: November 4th, 2019 based on Feedback from Mac Pro Users user group on Facebook.

  • Mar 25, 2021

    AmorphousDiskMark is CrystalDiskMark for macOS; lets all stop using BlackMagic Disk Speed Test and AJA Disk Test

    AmorphousDiskMark is basically Crystalmark For Mac

    Benchmarking a MacBook Air M1's SSD.

    Awhile back, I made a video about USBc and the classic Mac Pro but lamented yet ago the terrible benchmarking on macOS. The first commenter on FaceBook pointed out that we finally have a good disk benchmark utility AmorphousDiskMark. While it isn't a direct port, it's heavily inspired by the famed and loved Windows utility, CrystalDiskMark.

    So why am I always complaining about BlackMagic Disk Speed Test

    BlackMagic's Disk Speed Test only tests one thing, continuous throughput. This is useful but only measures one aspect of an SSD, and doesn't necessarily mimic accurately how most disk interactions occur. Random Read and Write tests are as important, if not more so, as many SSDs can deliver fast maximum continuous read and writes but much less so for random small data blocks. CrystalDiskMark tests random reads and writes both as queued requests and single requests. The default depth is pretty high for the test. Usually, an OS wouldn't have that deep of a queue, but the Q1T1 does mimic a singular request. Also, CrystalDiskMark measures IOPS (Input/Output Operations-per-second), which is similar but also a different measure of disk speed.

    Better but not perfect

    There's plenty of aspects that aren't covered, such as latency, burst performance, power consumed, and mixed random read/writes, but this is a massive step in the right direction for gauging SSD performance on macOS. Oh yeah, and it's free.

    Let's retire BlackMagic's Disk Mark and embrance Amorphous Disk.

  • Mar 11, 2021

    Gulp 4.x and .Kit work flow

    Codekit has its own very simple templating language, .kit that's actually quite useful when you're not looking to spin up something like PHP or Python or in the Pug/Jade vain (which latter two I've never been able to commit to). The documentation is straightforward. You can find it here but passing off a project with CodeKit dependency probably isn't viable for many situations. Also, Gulp 4.0 is much easier to read and much more pleasant to work with. You'll need, of course, a current-ish version of Node to run this.

    Rather than post a git repository, I've created a GitHub Gist for anyone looking to make .kit files work with Gulp. It features a really basic simple set for compiling .kit, Sass, JS and uses BrowserSync for both streaming CSS changes and live reloads after JS/Kit changes. The readme has the default directory structure. All the files land, and in a /dist directory, that's likely something you'd ignore in your .gitignore.

    The Tasks

    • gulp - runs all the compiling processes once
    • gulp watch - launches browsersync server with live compiling/processing

    Apologies to anyone using RSS as the embed won't work, but you can view the gist on github.